without beginning or end

aeternus, a, um, adj. [contr. from aeviternus, Varr. L. L. 6, § 11 Müll., from aevum, with the termination -ternus as in sempiternus, hesternus], without beginning or end, eternal (sempiternus denotes what is perpetual, what exists as long as time endures, and keeps even pace with it; aeternus, the eternal, that which is raised above all time, and can be measured only by œons (aiônes, indefinite periods);

for Tempus est pars quaedam aeternitatis,

Cic. Inv. 1, 27, 39. Thus the sublime thought, without beginning and end, is more vividly suggested by aeternus than by sempiternus, since the former has more direct reference to the long duration of the eternal, which has neither beginning nor end. Sempiternus is rather a mathematical, aeternus a metaphysical, designation of eternity, Doed. Syn. I. p. 3).

Lit.

Of the past and future, eternal:

deus beatus et aeternus,

Cic. Fin. 2, 27, 88:

nihil quod ortum sit, aeternum esse potest,

id. N. D. 1, 8:

O Pater, o hominum rerumque aeterna Potestas,

Verg. A. 10, 18:

di semper fuerunt, nati numquam sunt, siquidem aeterni sunt futuri,

Cic. N. D. 1, 32, 90:

idem legis perpetuae et aeternae vim Jovem dicit esse,

id. ib. 1, 15, 40:

nomen Domini Dei aeterni,

Vulg. Gen. 21, 33; ib. Rom. 16, 26:

aeternum tempus,

Lucr. 1, 582:

causae immutabiles eaeque aeternae,

Cic. Fat. 12, 48. —

Of the future, everlasting, endless, immortal:

natura animi... neque nata certe est et aeterna est,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 23:

virorum bonorum mentes divinae mihi atque aeternae videntur esse,

id. Rab. 29:

aeternam timuerunt noctem,

Verg. G. 1, 468:

Quod semper movetur, aeternum est,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 23:

Quidquid est illud quod sentit... caeleste et divinum ob eamque rem aeternum sit, necesse est,

id. ib. 1, 27:

ut habeam vitam aeternam,

Vulg. Matt. 19, 16; ib. Joan. 3, 15; ib. Rom. 2, 7:

in sanguine testamenti aeterni,

ib. Heb. 13, 20:

tu Juppiter bonorum inimicos aeternis suppliciis vivos mortuosque mactabis,

Cic. Cat. 2, 13:

ibunt in supplicium aeternum,

Vulg. Matt. 25, 46: [p. 64] aeternas poenas in morte timendumst, Lucr. 1, 111:

mitti in ignem aeternum,

Vulg. Matt. 18, 8.—

Of the past:

ex aeterno tempore quaeque Nunc etiam superare necessest corpora rebus,

from eternity, Lucr. 1, 578:

motum animorum nullo a principio, sed ex aeterno tempore intellegi convenire,

Cic. Fin. 1, 6.—

Spec. of objects of nature, which the ancients regarded as stable and perpetual, everlasting, eternal: aeterna templa caeli, Poët. ap. Varr. L. L. 6, 11, p. 77 Müll.:

aeternam lampada mundi,

Lucr. 5, 402:

micant aeterni sidera mundi,

id. 5, 514:

aeterna domus, i. e. caelum,

Cic. Rep. 6, 23:

donec veniret desiderium collium aeternorum,

the everlasting hills, Vulg. Gen. 49, 26; ib. Ps. 75, 5; cf. ib. Ps. 103, 5.—

Meton., of indef. long time.

Of the future, lasting, enduring, everlasting, perpetual:

aeterni parietes,

Plin. 35, 14, 49, § 172:

dehinc spero aeternam inter nos gratiam fore,

Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 33:

aeternus luctus,

Lucr. 3, 924:

dolor,

id. 3, 1003:

vulnus,

id. 2, 369; so Verg. A. 1, 36:

aerumna,

Cic. Sen. 34:

mala,

Verg. Cul. 130:

bellum,

Cic. Cat. 4, 22:

dedecus,

id. Font. 88:

imperium,

id. Rab. 33; so Verg. A. 1, 230:

versūs,

Lucr. 1, 121:

ignis sacerdotis,

Cic. Font. 47:

gloria,

id. Cat. 4, 21:

laus,

id. Planc. 26:

memoria,

id. Verr. 4, 69:

non dubitat Lentulum aeternis tenebris vinculisque mandare,

id. Cat. 4, 10.—Comic.:

spero me ob hunc nuntium aeternum adepturum cibum,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 1, 13. Esp. of Rome:

aeterna urbs,

the Eternal City, Tib. 2, 5, 23; Ov. F. 3, 72; Cod. Th. 10, 16, 1; Symm. Ep. 3, 55; Inscr. Orell. 2, 1140.— Comp.: nec est ulli ligno aeternior natura. Plin. 14, 1, 2, § 9:

aeterniora mala,

Lact. Epit. 9.—

Of the past, of yore, of old:

ablue corpus alluvii aeternisque sordibus squalidum,

Curt. 4, 1, 22.—

Adv. phrases.

in aeter-num.

Lit., forever, everlastingly:

et vivat in aeternum,

Vulg. Gen. 3, 22:

hoc nomen mihi est in aeternum,

ib. Exod. 3, 15:

Dominus in aeternum permanet,

ib. Psa. 9, 8:

vivet in aeternum,

ib. Joan. 6, 52:

Tu es sacerdos in aeternum,

ib. Heb. 5, 6:

non habebit remissionem in aeternum,

ib. Marc. 3, 29.—

Meton., of indef. long time, forever, always:

urbs in aeternum condita,

Liv. 4, 4:

leges in aeternum latae,

id. 34, 6:

(proverbia) durant in aeternum,

Quint. 5, 11, 41:

delatores non in praesens tantum, sed in aeternum repressisti,

Plin. Pan. 35:

(famulos) possidebitis in aeternum,

Vulg. Lev. 25, 46:

(servus) serviet tibi usque in aeternum,

ib. Deut. 15, 17:

ut sceleris memoria maneat in aeternum,

Lact. 1, 11.—

aeternum.

Lit., forever:

sedet aeternumque sedebit Infelix Theseus,

Verg. A. 6, 617:

ut aeternum illum reciperes,

Vulg. Phil. 15 (prob. here an adv.).—

Meton., of indef. long time, forever, always:

serviet aeternum,

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 41.—

Of what is continually repeated, constantly, again and again (as in colloq. Engl., everlastingly, eternally):

glaebaque versis Aeternum frangenda bidentibus,

Verg. G. 2, 400:

ingens janitor Aeternum latrans (of Cerberus),

id. A. 6, 401.—

aeternō, meton., of indef. long time, forever, perpetually:

viret aeterno hunc fontem igneum contegens fraxinus,

Plin. 2, 107, 111, § 240:

BVSTA TVTA AETERNO MANEANT,

Inscr. Orell. 4517.

aeternus, a, um, adj. [contr. from aeviternus, Varr. L. L. 6, § 11 Müll., from aevum, with the termination -ternus as in sempiternus, hesternus], without beginning or end, eternal (sempiternus denotes what is perpetual, what exists as long as time endures, and keeps even pace with it; aeternus, the eternal, that which is raised above all time, and can be measured only by œons (aiônes, indefinite periods);

for Tempus est pars quaedam aeternitatis,

Cic. Inv. 1, 27, 39. Thus the sublime thought, without beginning and end, is more vividly suggested by aeternus than by sempiternus, since the former has more direct reference to the long duration of the eternal, which has neither beginning nor end. Sempiternus is rather a mathematical, aeternus a metaphysical, designation of eternity, Doed. Syn. I. p. 3).

Lit.

Of the past and future, eternal:

deus beatus et aeternus,

Cic. Fin. 2, 27, 88:

nihil quod ortum sit, aeternum esse potest,

id. N. D. 1, 8:

O Pater, o hominum rerumque aeterna Potestas,

Verg. A. 10, 18:

di semper fuerunt, nati numquam sunt, siquidem aeterni sunt futuri,

Cic. N. D. 1, 32, 90:

idem legis perpetuae et aeternae vim Jovem dicit esse,

id. ib. 1, 15, 40:

nomen Domini Dei aeterni,

Vulg. Gen. 21, 33; ib. Rom. 16, 26:

aeternum tempus,

Lucr. 1, 582:

causae immutabiles eaeque aeternae,

Cic. Fat. 12, 48. —

Of the future, everlasting, endless, immortal:

natura animi... neque nata certe est et aeterna est,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 23:

virorum bonorum mentes divinae mihi atque aeternae videntur esse,

id. Rab. 29:

aeternam timuerunt noctem,

Verg. G. 1, 468:

Quod semper movetur, aeternum est,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 23:

Quidquid est illud quod sentit... caeleste et divinum ob eamque rem aeternum sit, necesse est,

id. ib. 1, 27:

ut habeam vitam aeternam,

Vulg. Matt. 19, 16; ib. Joan. 3, 15; ib. Rom. 2, 7:

in sanguine testamenti aeterni,

ib. Heb. 13, 20:

tu Juppiter bonorum inimicos aeternis suppliciis vivos mortuosque mactabis,

Cic. Cat. 2, 13:

ibunt in supplicium aeternum,

Vulg. Matt. 25, 46: [p. 64] aeternas poenas in morte timendumst, Lucr. 1, 111:

mitti in ignem aeternum,

Vulg. Matt. 18, 8.—

Of the past:

ex aeterno tempore quaeque Nunc etiam superare necessest corpora rebus,

from eternity, Lucr. 1, 578:

motum animorum nullo a principio, sed ex aeterno tempore intellegi convenire,

Cic. Fin. 1, 6.—

Spec. of objects of nature, which the ancients regarded as stable and perpetual, everlasting, eternal: aeterna templa caeli, Poët. ap. Varr. L. L. 6, 11, p. 77 Müll.:

aeternam lampada mundi,

Lucr. 5, 402:

micant aeterni sidera mundi,

id. 5, 514:

aeterna domus, i. e. caelum,

Cic. Rep. 6, 23:

donec veniret desiderium collium aeternorum,

the everlasting hills, Vulg. Gen. 49, 26; ib. Ps. 75, 5; cf. ib. Ps. 103, 5.—

Meton., of indef. long time.

Of the future, lasting, enduring, everlasting, perpetual:

aeterni parietes,

Plin. 35, 14, 49, § 172:

dehinc spero aeternam inter nos gratiam fore,

Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 33:

aeternus luctus,

Lucr. 3, 924:

dolor,

id. 3, 1003:

vulnus,

id. 2, 369; so Verg. A. 1, 36:

aerumna,

Cic. Sen. 34:

mala,

Verg. Cul. 130:

bellum,

Cic. Cat. 4, 22:

dedecus,

id. Font. 88:

imperium,

id. Rab. 33; so Verg. A. 1, 230:

versūs,

Lucr. 1, 121:

ignis sacerdotis,

Cic. Font. 47:

gloria,

id. Cat. 4, 21:

laus,

id. Planc. 26:

memoria,

id. Verr. 4, 69:

non dubitat Lentulum aeternis tenebris vinculisque mandare,

id. Cat. 4, 10.—Comic.:

spero me ob hunc nuntium aeternum adepturum cibum,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 1, 13. Esp. of Rome:

aeterna urbs,

the Eternal City, Tib. 2, 5, 23; Ov. F. 3, 72; Cod. Th. 10, 16, 1; Symm. Ep. 3, 55; Inscr. Orell. 2, 1140.— Comp.: nec est ulli ligno aeternior natura. Plin. 14, 1, 2, § 9:

aeterniora mala,

Lact. Epit. 9.—

Of the past, of yore, of old:

ablue corpus alluvii aeternisque sordibus squalidum,

Curt. 4, 1, 22.—

Adv. phrases.

in aeter-num.

Lit., forever, everlastingly:

et vivat in aeternum,

Vulg. Gen. 3, 22:

hoc nomen mihi est in aeternum,

ib. Exod. 3, 15:

Dominus in aeternum permanet,

ib. Psa. 9, 8:

vivet in aeternum,

ib. Joan. 6, 52:

Tu es sacerdos in aeternum,

ib. Heb. 5, 6:

non habebit remissionem in aeternum,

ib. Marc. 3, 29.—

Meton., of indef. long time, forever, always:

urbs in aeternum condita,

Liv. 4, 4:

leges in aeternum latae,

id. 34, 6:

(proverbia) durant in aeternum,

Quint. 5, 11, 41:

delatores non in praesens tantum, sed in aeternum repressisti,

Plin. Pan. 35:

(famulos) possidebitis in aeternum,

Vulg. Lev. 25, 46:

(servus) serviet tibi usque in aeternum,

ib. Deut. 15, 17:

ut sceleris memoria maneat in aeternum,

Lact. 1, 11.—

aeternum.

Lit., forever:

sedet aeternumque sedebit Infelix Theseus,

Verg. A. 6, 617:

ut aeternum illum reciperes,

Vulg. Phil. 15 (prob. here an adv.).—

Meton., of indef. long time, forever, always:

serviet aeternum,

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 41.—

Of what is continually repeated, constantly, again and again (as in colloq. Engl., everlastingly, eternally):

glaebaque versis Aeternum frangenda bidentibus,

Verg. G. 2, 400:

ingens janitor Aeternum latrans (of Cerberus),

id. A. 6, 401.—

aeternō, meton., of indef. long time, forever, perpetually:

viret aeterno hunc fontem igneum contegens fraxinus,

Plin. 2, 107, 111, § 240:

BVSTA TVTA AETERNO MANEANT,

Inscr. Orell. 4517.

aeternus, a, um, adj. [contr. from aeviternus, Varr. L. L. 6, § 11 Müll., from aevum, with the termination -ternus as in sempiternus, hesternus], without beginning or end, eternal (sempiternus denotes what is perpetual, what exists as long as time endures, and keeps even pace with it; aeternus, the eternal, that which is raised above all time, and can be measured only by œons (aiônes, indefinite periods);

for Tempus est pars quaedam aeternitatis,

Cic. Inv. 1, 27, 39. Thus the sublime thought, without beginning and end, is more vividly suggested by aeternus than by sempiternus, since the former has more direct reference to the long duration of the eternal, which has neither beginning nor end. Sempiternus is rather a mathematical, aeternus a metaphysical, designation of eternity, Doed. Syn. I. p. 3).

Lit.

Of the past and future, eternal:

deus beatus et aeternus,

Cic. Fin. 2, 27, 88:

nihil quod ortum sit, aeternum esse potest,

id. N. D. 1, 8:

O Pater, o hominum rerumque aeterna Potestas,

Verg. A. 10, 18:

di semper fuerunt, nati numquam sunt, siquidem aeterni sunt futuri,

Cic. N. D. 1, 32, 90:

idem legis perpetuae et aeternae vim Jovem dicit esse,

id. ib. 1, 15, 40:

nomen Domini Dei aeterni,

Vulg. Gen. 21, 33; ib. Rom. 16, 26:

aeternum tempus,

Lucr. 1, 582:

causae immutabiles eaeque aeternae,

Cic. Fat. 12, 48. —

Of the future, everlasting, endless, immortal:

natura animi... neque nata certe est et aeterna est,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 23:

virorum bonorum mentes divinae mihi atque aeternae videntur esse,

id. Rab. 29:

aeternam timuerunt noctem,

Verg. G. 1, 468:

Quod semper movetur, aeternum est,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 23:

Quidquid est illud quod sentit... caeleste et divinum ob eamque rem aeternum sit, necesse est,

id. ib. 1, 27:

ut habeam vitam aeternam,

Vulg. Matt. 19, 16; ib. Joan. 3, 15; ib. Rom. 2, 7:

in sanguine testamenti aeterni,

ib. Heb. 13, 20:

tu Juppiter bonorum inimicos aeternis suppliciis vivos mortuosque mactabis,

Cic. Cat. 2, 13:

ibunt in supplicium aeternum,

Vulg. Matt. 25, 46: [p. 64] aeternas poenas in morte timendumst, Lucr. 1, 111:

mitti in ignem aeternum,

Vulg. Matt. 18, 8.—

Of the past:

ex aeterno tempore quaeque Nunc etiam superare necessest corpora rebus,

from eternity, Lucr. 1, 578:

motum animorum nullo a principio, sed ex aeterno tempore intellegi convenire,

Cic. Fin. 1, 6.—

Spec. of objects of nature, which the ancients regarded as stable and perpetual, everlasting, eternal: aeterna templa caeli, Poët. ap. Varr. L. L. 6, 11, p. 77 Müll.:

aeternam lampada mundi,

Lucr. 5, 402:

micant aeterni sidera mundi,

id. 5, 514:

aeterna domus, i. e. caelum,

Cic. Rep. 6, 23:

donec veniret desiderium collium aeternorum,

the everlasting hills, Vulg. Gen. 49, 26; ib. Ps. 75, 5; cf. ib. Ps. 103, 5.—

Meton., of indef. long time.

Of the future, lasting, enduring, everlasting, perpetual:

aeterni parietes,

Plin. 35, 14, 49, § 172:

dehinc spero aeternam inter nos gratiam fore,

Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 33:

aeternus luctus,

Lucr. 3, 924:

dolor,

id. 3, 1003:

vulnus,

id. 2, 369; so Verg. A. 1, 36:

aerumna,

Cic. Sen. 34:

mala,

Verg. Cul. 130:

bellum,

Cic. Cat. 4, 22:

dedecus,

id. Font. 88:

imperium,

id. Rab. 33; so Verg. A. 1, 230:

versūs,

Lucr. 1, 121:

ignis sacerdotis,

Cic. Font. 47:

gloria,

id. Cat. 4, 21:

laus,

id. Planc. 26:

memoria,

id. Verr. 4, 69:

non dubitat Lentulum aeternis tenebris vinculisque mandare,

id. Cat. 4, 10.—Comic.:

spero me ob hunc nuntium aeternum adepturum cibum,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 1, 13. Esp. of Rome:

aeterna urbs,

the Eternal City, Tib. 2, 5, 23; Ov. F. 3, 72; Cod. Th. 10, 16, 1; Symm. Ep. 3, 55; Inscr. Orell. 2, 1140.— Comp.: nec est ulli ligno aeternior natura. Plin. 14, 1, 2, § 9:

aeterniora mala,

Lact. Epit. 9.—

Of the past, of yore, of old:

ablue corpus alluvii aeternisque sordibus squalidum,

Curt. 4, 1, 22.—

Adv. phrases.

in aeter-num.

Lit., forever, everlastingly:

et vivat in aeternum,

Vulg. Gen. 3, 22:

hoc nomen mihi est in aeternum,

ib. Exod. 3, 15:

Dominus in aeternum permanet,

ib. Psa. 9, 8:

vivet in aeternum,

ib. Joan. 6, 52:

Tu es sacerdos in aeternum,

ib. Heb. 5, 6:

non habebit remissionem in aeternum,

ib. Marc. 3, 29.—

Meton., of indef. long time, forever, always:

urbs in aeternum condita,

Liv. 4, 4:

leges in aeternum latae,

id. 34, 6:

(proverbia) durant in aeternum,

Quint. 5, 11, 41:

delatores non in praesens tantum, sed in aeternum repressisti,

Plin. Pan. 35:

(famulos) possidebitis in aeternum,

Vulg. Lev. 25, 46:

(servus) serviet tibi usque in aeternum,

ib. Deut. 15, 17:

ut sceleris memoria maneat in aeternum,

Lact. 1, 11.—

aeternum.

Lit., forever:

sedet aeternumque sedebit Infelix Theseus,

Verg. A. 6, 617:

ut aeternum illum reciperes,

Vulg. Phil. 15 (prob. here an adv.).—

Meton., of indef. long time, forever, always:

serviet aeternum,

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 41.—

Of what is continually repeated, constantly, again and again (as in colloq. Engl., everlastingly, eternally):

glaebaque versis Aeternum frangenda bidentibus,

Verg. G. 2, 400:

ingens janitor Aeternum latrans (of Cerberus),

id. A. 6, 401.—

aeternō, meton., of indef. long time, forever, perpetually:

viret aeterno hunc fontem igneum contegens fraxinus,

Plin. 2, 107, 111, § 240:

BVSTA TVTA AETERNO MANEANT,

Inscr. Orell. 4517.

sŭi ( gen.), dat. sibī̆, acc. and abl. se or sese, sing. and plur. (old dat. sibei, C. I. L. 1, 38; 1, 1056;

1, 1180 et saep.: sibe,

ib. 1, 1267; 5, 300; cf. Quint. 1, 7, 24; and v. Neue, Formenl. 2, p. 180 sq.; on the quantity of the final i, v. Ritschl, Opusc. 2, p. 632 sqq.; old acc. sed, C. I. L. 1, 196, 13 sq.; 1, 197, 21; strengthened acc. sepse = se ipse, Cic. Rep. 3, 8, 12; cf. Sen. Ep. 108, 32:

semet,

Hor. S. 1, 6, 78; Liv. 2, 12, 7; 2, 44, 8 al.), pron. of 3d pers. in recipr. and reflex. sense [Sanscr. sva-, svajam-, self; Gr. he, We, sphe (hou, hoi, he); cf. suus, old Lat. sovos; v. Curt. Gr. Etym. p. 396; Corss. Ausspr. 2, p. 54], of himself, of herself, of itself, of themselves; one another, each other, etc.; him, her, it, them; and, as subj. of inf., he, she, it, they (on the use of se or sese in acc., cf.: ut se dicamus, cum aliquem quid in alium fecisse ostendimus, ut puta: ille dicit se hoc illi fecisse;

cum autem in se ipsum, tunc dicamus sese, velut: dixit sese hoc sibi fecisse,

Charis. 1, 15, p. 86 P.; but the distinction is not commonly observed; the two forms being used indifferently, except that sese is preferred where there is emphasis, especially at the beginning or end of a clause, or in reference to a preceding ipse; v. infra; and cf. Neue, Formenl. 2, p. 182 sqq.).

Prop., as pron. reflex., of an object considered as receiving or affected by its own act, himself, herself, itself, themselves.

In all clauses, referring to the grammatical subject of the clause.

As direct obj. of verb:

dedistine gladium, qui se occideret?

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 92:

artis eloquar quem ad modum se expediant,

id. ib. 2, 1, 10:

se in plagas conicere,

id. ib. 2, 1, 12:

numquam erit alienis gravis qui suis se concinnat levem,

id. ib. 3, 2, 58: se aperiunt, Ter. And. 4, 1, 8:

adplicat ad Chrysidis patrem se,

id. ib. 5, 4, 22:

si is posset ab ea sese avellere,

id. Hec. 4, 1, 39:

hi se ad nos adplicant,

id. Heaut. 2, 4, 13:

per eos, ne causam diceret, se eripuit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 4:

cum ferrum se inflexisset,

id. ib. 1, 25:

praecipites fugae sese mandabant,

id. ib. 2, 24:

si se telo defenderet fur,

Cic. Mil. 3, 9:

Catoni licuit Tusculi se in otio delectare,

id. Rep. 1, 1, 1:

solum igitur quod se ipsum movet, numquam ne moveri quidem desinit,

id. ib. 6, 25, 27:

statim homo se erexit,

id. Rosc. Am. 22, 60:

majores acceperamus se a Gallis auro redemisse,

Liv. 22, 59, 7:

in montem sese recipere,

Caes. B. G. 1, 25; 1, 26; Cic. Fin. 3, 19, 63:

ad inpedimenta se conferre,

Caes. B. G. 1, 26:

sese alicui ad pedes proicere,

id. ib. 1, 31:

se gerere,

to behave, Cic. Agr. 2, 19, 53:

sic se res habet, ut, etc.,

id. de Or. 2, 67, 271; id. Fin. 1, 7, 25; 5, 10, 27 sq.:

quod uxor sua ex fico se suspendisset,

Quint. 6, 3, 88. — Strengthened by ipse, nom.:

hic se ipsus fallit,

Ter. And. 3, 2, 15:

ut se ipse diliget,

Cic. Fin. 2, 11, 33:

ipse enim se quisque diligit,

id. Lael. 21, 80:

ita non modo superiores, sed etiam se ipse correxerat,

id. Or. 52, 176:

omne animal se ipsum diligit,

id. Fin. 5, 9, 24:

neque prius vim adhibendam putaverunt, quam se ipse indicasset,

Nep. Paus. 4, 3:

miles se ipse interfecit,

Tac. H. 3, 51; 4, 11:

ne, ignorando regem, semet ipse aperiret quis esset,

Liv. 2, 12, 7:

nec sese ipsi gravant,

Quint. 1, 12, 10.—Sometimes acc.:

inperator qui se ipsum non continet,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 13, 38:

quid est enim se ipsum colligere, nisi, etc.,

id. Tusc. 4, 36, 78; 1, 23, 53:

ut quidam imperatores se ipsos dis inmortalibus devoverent,

id. N. D. 2, 3, 10:

quod si se ipsos illi nostri liberatores e conspectu nostro abstulerunt,

id. Phil. 2, 44, 114:

admovisse semet ipsos lateri suo,

Curt. 7, 1, 14:

gladio se ipsam transfixit,

Vell. 2, 26, 3.—In gerund. construction:

ne sui in perpetuum liberandi occasionem dimittant,

Caes. B. G. 5, 38; 3, 6; 4, 34:

principes sui conservandi causa profugerunt,

Cic. Cat. 1, 3, 7:

maximam causam ad se inundandam terra praestabit,

Sen. Q. N. 3, 29, 4.—

As indirect obj.:

animo servit, non sibi,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 27:

sapiens ipsus fingit fortunam sibi,

id. ib. 2, 2, 84:

ne ibi diffregisset crura aut cervices sibi,

id. Mil. 3, 1, 126:

nil aliud nisi quod sibi soli placet consulit,

id. Trin. 2, 3, 4:

quaerunt sibi liberos,

id. Ps. 1, 1, 21:

aurum habeat sibi,

id. Mil. 4, 2, 108:

illum multae sibi expetessunt,

id. ib. 4, 6, 16:

tum me convivam solum abducebat sibi,

Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 17:

non sibi soli postulat, etc.,

id. ib. 3, 2, 27:

nunc sibi uxorem expetit,

id. And. 3, 2, 40:

is sibi legationem ad civitates suscepit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 3:

neque sibi homines feros temperaturos existimabat, quin exirent, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 33:

hoc sibi nomen adrogare,

Cic. Rep. 1, 33, 50; 1, 5, 9:

alia sunt tamquam sibi nata,

id. Fin. 3, 19, 63:

proposita sibi morte,

id. Sest. 21, 48; id. Fin. 5, 11, 31:

ne, illo cunctante, Numidae sibi consulant,

Sall. J. 62, 1:

ut populum Romanum sibi desumerent hostem,

Liv. 7, 20, 5:

Turnus, praelatum sibi advenam aegre patiens,

id. 1, 2:

petebant ut regis sui filiam matrimonio sibi jungeret,

Curt. 8, 1, 9:

nemo sibi tantummodo errat,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 1, 4:

locum sibi ad formam sui exsculpsit,

id. Q. N. 4, 3, 4.—With ipse:

ipse tantos sibi spiritus sumpserat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 33 fin.:

nec ipsi sibi exemplo sunt,

Cic. Lael. 21, 80:

iste, quasi praeda sibi advecta, ducit,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 25, § 64:

Junius necem sibi ipse conscivit,

id. N. D. 2, 3, 7:

voluntarium non sibimet ipse solum, sed etiam funeri suo exilium indixit,

Liv. 39, 52, 9:

proinde consulant sibi ipsi,

Just. 16, 4, 15:

avaritia, quae quicquid omnibus abstulit, sibi ipsi neget,

Sen. Q. N. 1, prol. 6; cf. Cic. Marc. 5, 13. —

After substt., adjj., etc.:

omnino est amans sui virtus,

Cic. Lael. 26, 98:

ut sit sui similis,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 7:

omnem naturam esse servatricem sui,

Cic. Fin. 5, 9, 26:

cum videret, si non paruisset, dissimilem se futurum sui,

id. Phil. 9, 3, 6; id. Tusc. 1, 19, 43: nihil malo quam et me mei similem esse et illos sui, Caes. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 16, A, 2:

habetis ducem memorem vestri, oblitum sui,

Cic. Cat. 4, 9, 19:

potens sui,

Hor. C. 3, 29, 41:

nihil est tam incontinens sui,

Sen. Q. N. 3, 30, 6:

quod sibi obsit, quia sit sibi inimicus,

Cic. Fin. 5, 10, 28: inimicus ipse [p. 1795] sibi putandus est, id. ib.:

cum ipsi homines sibi sint per se cari,

id. ib. 5, 13, 38:

Medus infestus sibi,

Hor. C. 3, 8, 19:

crescit indulgens sibi hydrops,

id. ib. 2, 2, 13; cf.:

nec enim utilius quicquam est quam sibi utilem fieri,

Sen. Ben. 1, 11, 5:

Campanus se digna probra in insontem jacere,

Liv. 25, 18, 8:

(mundus) se ipse consumptione alebat sui,

Cic. Univ. 6:

cum multa adsoleat veritas praebere vestigia sui,

Liv. 40, 54, 8:

caecus amor sui,

Hor. C. 1, 18, 14:

sui contemptor,

Quint. 12, 1, 20:

in spem sui bonam adducitur,

Sen. Ira, 2, 21, 3:

(aer) ima sui parte maxime varius est,

id. Q. N. 2, 11, 1:

ipsa (virtus) pretium sui,

id. Vit. Beat. 9, 4:

neque est quod existimes illum vilem sibi fuisse: pretium se sui fecit,

id. Ben. 1, 9, 1:

saepe taedio laboris ad vilitatem sui compelluntur ignavi,

Curt. 5, 9, 7:

nemo non benignus est sui judex,

Sen. Ben. 2, 26, 1:

Romanus in ipso fine vitae vindex sui exstitit,

Val. Max. 3, 2, 11:

equestris ordinis juventus omnibus annis bis urbem spectaculo sui celebrabat,

id. 2, 2, 9; cf. with ipse:

utpote ipsa sui appellatione virorum majestati debitum a feminis reddens honorem,

id. 2, 1, 7. —

With prepp.:

qui admisit in se culpam,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 6:

culpam ut ab se segregent,

id. ib. 1, 2, 42:

segregat ab se omnis,

id. Mil. 4, 6, 17; 4, 6, 62:

me ad se deduxit,

id. ib. 2, 1, 121; 3, 1, 118; id. Ps. 3, 2, 6:

quae me non excludit ab se, sed apud se occludet domi,

id. Men. 4, 2, 108:

habet aliud (negotium) magis ex se et majus,

Ter. And. 5, 4, 51:

et fingunt quandam inter se nunc fallaciam,

id. ib. 1, 3, 15:

duxit secum virginem,

id. Eun. 2, 1, 23; Cic. Att. 5, 17, 3; Liv. 35, 30; 43, 18:

ex se generare,

Quint. 1, 1, 36: — pro se quisque = unusquisque, every one, each one singly, etc., freq. in Livy (cf. suus, II. D. 2.):

Pro se quisque id quod quisque potest... Edit,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 76:

pro se quisque alius agnum inmolabat, alius pullum,

Sen. Q. N. 4, 6, 2:

pro se quisque sedulo Faciebant,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 74:

cum pro se quisque tenderet ad portas,

Liv. 6, 3; 6, 8; 1, 9; 1, 59;

2, 6: — Boiosque receptos ad se socios sibi adsciscunt,

Caes. B. G. 1, 5 fin.:

exercitum ante se mittit,

id. ib. 1, 21:

supra se collocare,

id. ib. 1, 24:

ex materia in se omnia recipiente mundum factum esse,

Cic. Ac. 2, 37, 118:

litteras ad se ab amico missas protulit,

id. Phil. 2, 4, 7:

praedam prae se agentes,

Liv. 5, 45; 38, 21:

quam (rem publicam) exercitus, quantum in se fuit, prodebat,

id. 2, 43; 9, 40; Nep. Iphic. 3, 4; cf. id. Hann. 12, 2 (v. infra, II. B. 2.):

quibus poterat sauciis ductis secum,

Liv. 4, 39.—Rarely referring to subj. inf.:

nam dicere apud eum de facinore... cum per se ipsum consideres, grave est,

Cic. Deiot. 2, 4:

non quia per se beatum est malo caruisse,

Sen. Q. N. 1, prol. 6. —

With inf. pass. in obj.-clause:

ne quis se aut suorum aliquem praetermissum queratur,

Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1:

quibus (nominibus) illae res publicae sese appellari velint,

id. ib. 1, 33, 50:

qui se minus timidos existimari volebant,

Caes. B. G. 1, 39, 6.—

As predicate ( = suus, II. B. 2. d; very rare):

quisquis est deus, si modo est alius... totus est sensuus, totus visuus, totus audituus, totus animae, totus animi, totus sui,

in his own power, independent, Plin. 2, 7, 5, § 14. —

Referring to a logical subject, other than the grammatical subj. of the clause.

To a definite subj.:

neque praeter se umquam ei servos fuit,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 48:

hunc aiebant indignum civitate ac sese vivere,

id. Trin. 1, 2, 176: exercitum consumptum videtis;

quem turpiter se ex fuga recipientem ne qua civitas recipiat, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 7, 20 fin.:

reliquos sese convertere cogunt,

id. B. C. 1, 46:

multis illi in urbibus reficiendi se et curandi potestas fuit,

Cic. Phil. 9, 3, 6:

cur his persequendi juris sui adimis potestatem,

id. Div. in Caecil. 6, 21:

cum nihil sit periculosius quam spatium confirmandi sese Antonio dari,

id. Fam. 10, 33, 5:

tantam ingenuit animantibus conservandi sui natura custodiam,

id. N. D. 2, 48, 124:

neque sui colligendi hostibus facultatem relinquunt,

Caes. B. G. 3, 6:

ut quam minimum spatii ad se colligendos Romanis daretur,

id. ib. 3, 19; 3, 4; 4, 34; Hirt. B. G. 8, 16:

Gallica acies nullum spatium respirandi recipiendique se dedit,

Liv. 10, 28, 11:

nec raptis aut spes de se melior aut indignatio est minor,

id. 1, 9, 14: Faustulo spes fuerat regiam stirpem apud se educari, id. 1, 5, 5:

proelium cum fiducia sui commissum est,

id. 7, 33, 5; 10, 14, 17:

detecta fraus cautiores Thyreensis fecit: dato responso, nullam se novam societatem accepturos, etc.,

id. 36, 12, 8:

patres censuerunt, qui honorem, quem sibi capere per leges liceret, peteret, etc.,

id. 32, 7, 11:

jusso magistro equitum abdicare se magistratu,

id. 4, 35; 22, 33, 12:

haec cum apud timentes sibimet ipsos increpuissent,

id. 6, 37, 1:

ab ipso, quaerenti sibi commendationem ad gentem monitus,

id. 36, 8, 4 Weissenb. ad loc.:

signa peditum, prae se habentium scuta,

id. 38, 21, 3:

invenere oppidanos vim hostium ab se arcentes,

id. 6, 9, 7:

exire enim sua secum efferentibus jussis primum arma ademit,

id. 43, 18, 11; cf.

§ 10: quos in numerum pecorum redegit ignoratio sui,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 5, 2:

quia nullum illis sui regimen est,

id. Ep. 94, 67:

inter se nihil inlicitum,

Tac. H. 5, 5; 1, 64:

quasi objurgatio sui est,

Quint. 11, 3, 49.—

To indefinite subj.:

deforme est de se ipsum praedicare,

Cic. Off. 1, 38, 137:

posse enim liberalitate uti non spoliantem se patrimonio nimirum est pecuniae fructus maximus,

id. ib. 2, 18, 64:

non arbitrari sese scire quod nesciat,

id. Ac. 1, 4, 16:

cui proposita sit conservatio sui,

id. Fin. 5, 13, 37:

sic amicitiae... effectrices sunt voluptatum tam amicis quam sibi,

id. ib. 1, 20, 67:

amare... etiam si ad se ex iis nihil redeat,

id. ib. 2, 24, 78:

(judicatio) quae aut sui laudem aut adversarii vituperationem contineat,

id. Inv. 1, 51, 97; id. Or. 36, 124; id. Off. 1, 39, 139:

ut, quanti quisque se faciat, tanti fiat ab amicis,

id. Lael. 16, 59; id. Off. 1, 28, 99; id. Rosc. Com. 17, 52 fin.:

si nullus ex se metus aut spes,

Tac. A. 2, 38:

ceterum et interrogandi se ipsum et respondendi sibi solent esse non ingratae vices,

Quint. 9, 2, 14:

sibi servire gravissima est servitus,

Sen. Q. N. 3, praef. 17:

quam multa sunt vota, quae etiam sibi fateri pudet,

id. Ben. 6, 38, 5:

nec haec vilitas sui est,

id. Clem. 1, 3, 4:

culpa est, immiscere se rei ad se non pertinenti,

Dig. 50, 17, 36:

profecto est supplicio se liberare tam facile quam supplicium perpeti,

Val. Max. 3, 2, 6.

Hence, in dependent clauses, transf., as pers. pron. 3d pers., with reflex. reference, him, her, it, them; he, she, they, etc.

In gen., of an obj. indentified with,

The gram. subj. of the principal clause:

qui omnis se amare credit, quemque aspexerit,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 9, 14:

illa mulier lapidem silicem subigere ut se amet, potest,

id. Poen. 1, 2, 77; id. Cas. prol. 46:

orare jussit, si se ames, jam ut ad sese venias,

Ter. And. 4, 2, 4:

ait, si... non id metuat, ne, ubi acceperim, Sese relinquam,

id. Eun. 1, 2, 61:

timet animum amicae se erga ut sit suae,

id. Heaut. 1, 2, 15:

utrumque jussit interfici, alterum, quia viam demonstravisset interimendi sui,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 20, 60:

qui precabantur, ut sibi sui liberi superstites essent,

id. N. D. 2, 28, 72; id. Prov. Cons. 17, 42:

ne ipse quidem sua tanta eloquentia mihi persuasisset, ut se dimitterem,

id. Or. 28, 100:

impetrat a senatu, ut dies sibi prorogaretur,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 38, § 98:

hunc sibi ex animo scrupulum, qui se dies noctisque stimulat, ut evellatis, postulat,

id. Rosc. Am. 2, 6:

Iccius nuntios ad eum mittit, nisi subsidium sibi submittatur,

Caes. B. G. 2, 6 fin.:

quos cum apud se conspexisset... quid ad se venirent,

id. ib. 1, 47:

mittit, qui petant atque orent, ut sibi subveniat,

id. B. C. 1, 17:

Scipionem Hannibal eo ipso, quod adversus se dux lectus esset, praestantem virum credebat,

Liv. 21, 39, 8:

Pausanias orare coepit, ne se prodiret,

Nep. Paus. 8, 6:

cum ejus principes animadvertisset timere, ne propter se bellum eis Lacedaemonii indicerent,

id. Them. 8, 3:

Ubii legatos mittunt, qui doceant... neque ab se fidem laesam,

Caes. B. G. 6, 9:

tum Volero, ubi indignantium pro se acerrimus erat clamor, etc.,

Liv. 2, 55, 6:

transfugit, patris in se saevitiam conquerens,

id. 1, 53, 5:

praesidia imposuit in urbibus, quae ad se defecerant,

Sall. J. 61, 1:

navigia sarcina depressa parum ostendunt non aquam sibi resistere?

Sen. Q. N. 2, 9, 3.—So in phrases incorporated with a principal clause:

Nicias vehementer tua sui memoria delectatur,

Cic. Att. 13, 1, 3:

nihil est appetentius similium sui,

id. Lael. 14, 50: Pompeius facultatem sui insequendi ademerat, Caes. B. C. 1, 29:

praefectum in se ruentem trans fixit,

Curt. 4, 16, 23:

rediere cum legatis ad redimendos sese missis,

Liv. 22, 59, 18:

potestatem omnibus adeundi sui fecit,

Suet. Tib. 40:

Germanicus legiones universas sibi summam reipublicae deferentes compescuit,

id. Calig. 1:

quam si di inmortales potestatem visendi sui faciant,

Sen. Clem. 1, 19, 9:

(terra) non potest tam multa tantoque se ipsa majora nutrire, nisi, etc.,

id. Q. N. 6, 16, 3.—

Of an obj. indentified with a logical subj., other than the gram. subj. of the leading clause:

a Caesare valde liberaliter invitor, sibi ut sim legatus,

Cic. Att. 2, 18, 3:

horum unum quidque... a se potius quam ab adversariis stare demonstrabitur,

id. Inv. 1, 43, 81; id. Mil. 16, 44:

nam mihi scito jam a regibus adlatas esse litteras, quibus mihi gratias agant, quod se mea sententia reges appellaverim,

id. Fam. 9, 15, 4:

testem rei publicae relinquere, meae perpetuae erga se voluntatis,

id. ib. 1, 4, 10:

quos non tam ulcisci studeo quam sanare sibi ipsos,

id. Cat. 2, 8, 17:

quo ex oppido cum legati ad eum venissent oratum, ut sibi ignosceret,

Caes. B. G. 7, 12; Liv. 6, 42; 1, 5:

cum ei in suspitionem venisset, aliquid in epistula de se esse scriptum,

Nep. Paus. 4, 1:

cohortem octavam decimam Lugduni, solitis sibi hibernis, relinqui placuit,

Tac. H. 1, 64. —

In partic., in reported words or thoughts (orat. obliqua) referring to the person to whom they are ascribed.

As subj. or obj., direct or indirect, with inf.:

quos Hannibal misit astrictos jure jurando se redituros esse, nisi, etc.,

Cic. Off. 1, 13, 40:

Postumius mihi nuntiavit... se a Marcello ad me missum esse,

id. Fam. 4, 12, 2:

qui dixisse fertur a se visum esse Romulum... eum sibi mandasse ut populum rogaret ut sibi eo in colle delubrum fieret: se deum esse,

id. Rep. 2, 10, 20; id. Mil. 35, 95 sqq.:

nuntium mittit... sese diutius sustinere non posse,

Caes. B. G. 2, 6 fin.:

Divitiacus Caesarem obsecrare coepit... scire se illa esse vera, nec quemquam ex eo plus quam se doloris capere... sese tamen amore fraterno commoveri,

id. ib. 1, 20:

unum se esse, qui, etc.... ob eam rem se ex civitate profugisse,

id. ib. 1, 31:

haec sibi esse curae,

id. ib. 1, 40:

non sese Gallis, sed Gallos sibi bellum intulisse,

id. ib. 1, 44:

ipsos se inter multitudinem militum occultasse,

id. ib. 7, 38:

sensit Themistocles, si eo pervenisset, sibi esse pereundum,

Nep. Them. 8, 6:

dato responso (sc. a Thyreensibus), nullam se novam societatem accepturos,

Liv. 36, 12, 8.—

In subordinate clauses, questions, exhortations, etc., with subj.

In gen.:

qui abs te taciti requirunt, cur sibi hoc oneris imposueris, cur se potissimum delegeris,

Cic. Planc. 18, 46; 2, 6; id. Marc. 10, 30:

conclamavit, quid ad se venirent?

Caes. B. G. 1, 47:

unum petere ac deprecari... ne se armis despoliaret,

id. ib. 2, 31:

ad quos cum Caesar nuntios misisset, qui postularent, eos qui sibi bellum intulissent, sibi dederent,

id. ib. 4, 16:

cur sui quicquam esse imperii trans Rhenum postularet?

id. ib.:

Cicero respondit, si ab armis discedere velint, se adjutore utantur,

id. ib. 5, 41:

Veneti legationem ad Crassum mittunt, si velit suos recipere, obsides sibi remittat,

id. ib. 7, 4:

rex ignarus quae legati ejus (Hannibalis) ad se adlaturi fuissent,

Liv. 23, 39:

hac necessitate coactus, domino navis, qui sit, aperit, multa pollicens, si se conservasset,

Nep. Them. 8, 6:

legatos in Bithyniam miserunt, qui ab rege peterent, ne inimicissimum suum secum haberent sibique dederet (for secum, v. I. A. 4. supra),

id. Hann. 12, 2.—

Esp., in subordinate clauses (sub-oblique), with subj. expressing the assertion or view of the person reported as speaking:

magnam Caesarem injuriam facere, qui vectigalia sibi deteriora faceret,

Caes. B. G. 1, 36:

quod sibi Caesar denuntiaret,

id. ib.:

sed eo deceptum, quod neque commissum a se intellegeret, quare timeret,

id. ib. 1, 14:

quod nec paratus... obsecutus esset, credidissetque, cum se vidissent Aetoli, omnia, etc.,

Liv. 35, 44, 3:

Ambiorix locutus est,... sua esse ejusmodi imperia, ut non minus haberet juris in se multitudo, quam ipse in multitudinem,

Caes. B. G. 5, 27:

Divitiacus ait,... nec quemquam ex eo plus quam se doloris capere, propterea quod per se crevisset,

id. ib. 1, 20: eos incusavit, quod sibi [p. 1796] quaerendum aut cogitandum putarent, etc., id. ib. 1, 40:

decima legio Caesari gratias egit, quod de se optimum judicium fecisset,

id. ib. 1, 41:

doluisse se, quod populi Romani beneficium sibi extorqueretur,

id. B. C. 1, 9:

tum ei dormienti eundem visum esse rogare ut, quoniam sibi vivo non subvenisset, etc.,

Cic. Div. 1, 27, 57:

Scipionem Hannibal eo ipso, quod adversus se dux potissimum lectus esset, praestantem virum credebat,

Liv. 21, 39, 8:

Pausanias orare coepit... quod si eam veniam sibi dedisset, magno ei praemio futurum,

Nep. Paus. 4, 6:

neque prius vim adhibendam putaverunt, quam se ipse indicasset,

id. ib. 4, 3:

Caesar legatos cum his mandatis mittit, Quoniam... hanc sibi populoque Romano gratiam referret,

Caes. B. G. 1, 35:

nos esse iniquos, quod in suo jure se interpellaremus,

id. ib. 1, 44:

neque ipsos in his contentionibus, quas Aedui secum habuissent, usos esse, etc.,

id. ib.:

maximae sibi laetitiae esse praedicavit, quod aliquos patria sua se meliores viros haberet,

Val. Max. 6, 4, ext. 5.—Rarely with indic. when the author asserts the action as a fact: Volero, ubi indignantium pro se acerrimus erat clamor, etc. ( = eo; cf.

infra, C.),

Liv. 2, 55, 6.—

Without reflex. reference, = an oblique case of is or ipse (in the best prose rare, and mostly where the conception of the orat. obliq. is suggested by the context; cf.

B. 2. b. supra): i, seis, jube transire huc quantum possit, se ut videant domi Familiares ( = eam),

Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 26; 1, 1, 6:

me misit miles ad Eam... ut hinc in Elatiam hodie eat secum semul,

id. Bacch. 4, 2, 9:

ut eum, qui se hic vidit, verbis vincat, ne is se viderit,

id. Mil. 2, 2, 31; cf. v. 35;

3, 2, 54: ut eam in se dignam condicicnem conlocem,

id. Trin. 1, 2, 122:

ipsi hi mihi dant viam, quo pacto ab se argentum auferam,

id. Ep. 2, 2, 9; id. Poen. 5, 2, 123:

dicit capram, quam dederam servandam sibi, etc.,

id. Merc. 2, 1, 15:

unum hoc scio, esse meritam, ut memor esses sui,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 46:

cum Epaminondas accusatur, quod ei, qui sibi ex lege praetor successerat, exercitum non tradiderit,

Cic. Inv. 1, 33, 55:

et se ipsum nobis, et eos, qui ante se fuerunt, in medio posuit,

id. ib. 2, 2, 7 (but B. and K. bracket se):

Dexo hic, quem videtis, non quae privatim sibi eripuisti, sed unicum abs te filium flagitat,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 49, § 128:

postea quam exposuit quae sibi videbantur,

id. Div. 1, 54, 122 (dub.;

B. and K. ipsi): et cum ad illum scribas, nihil te recordari de se,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 7, § 23 (B. and K. bracket de se):

quem Caesar, ut erat de se meritus, donatum pronuntiavit,

Caes. B. C. 3, 53:

Caesar Rhenum transire constituit... quod auxilia contra se Treveris miserant,

id. B. G. 6, 9 init.:

Metellus... in eis urbibus, quae ad se defecerant... praesidia inponit,

Sall. J. 61, 1; 66, 1:

Bocchus flectitur, reputando quae sibi duobus proeliis venerant,

id. ib. 103, 2:

statuit urbis, quae... adversum se opportunissimae erant, circumvenire,

id. ib. 88, 4:

ipse... ex perfugis cognitis... qui cum eo (Scipione) bellum contra se gerebant,

Hirt. B. Afr. 8 fin.:

vel quia nil rectum, nisi quod placuit sibi, ducunt,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 83; id. S. 2, 8, 82:

centum boves militibus dono dedit, qui secum fuerant,

Liv. 7, 37, 3; 8, 35:

Hannibalem angebat, quod Capua pertinacius oppugnata ab Romanis quam defensa ab se... animos averterat,

id. 26, 38, 1:

alter victus fratrum ante se strage,

id. 1, 25, 11 Weissenb. ad loc.;

7, 6, 12: Caesar... omnibus qui contra se arma tulerant, ignovit,

Vell. 2, 56, 1:

quamquam obsidione Massiliae, quae sibi in itinere portas clauserat, retardante... tamen omnia subegit,

Suet. Caes. 34:

cujus rector circa se dimicans occubuerat,

id. Tib. 4:

quod eos coegit superare Lacedaemonios, quos ante se nemo ausus fuit aspicere,

Nep. Epam. 8, 3 (cf.:

ante illum,

id. Iphic. 1, 3):

quae nox sibi proxima venit, insomnis,

Luc. 5, 805.

Pron. recipr., each other, one another:

nam cum esset Praenestinis nuntiatum... patres ac plebem in semet ipsos versos,

Liv. 6, 28, 1; so very rare, except in phrase: inter se, one another, each other, mutually, reciprocally, = allêlous (prop. between or among them, among themselves, hence no ellips. of another se is to be assumed; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 609; Hand, Turs. 3, p. 397 sqq.): nil cessarunt ilico Osculari atque amplexari inter se, Plaut. Mil. 5, 39; 2, 1, 61; 3, 1, 120:

video eos inter se amare,

Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 42:

neque solum colent inter se ac diligent (cf. ante: alter ab altero postulabit),

Cic. Lael. 22, 82:

Cicerones pueri amant inter se,

id. Att. 6, 1, 12; id. Q. Fr. 3, 3, 1; id. Cat. 3, 5, 13; id. N. D. 1, 44, 122:

inter se adspicere,

id. Cat. 3, 5, 13:

inter se congruere,

id. Rosc. Am. 22, 62:

complecti inter se milites coepisse,

Liv. 7, 42, 6:

ut neque inter se contingant trabes,

Caes. B. G. 7, 23; id. B. C. 1, 21:

inter se nondum satis noti,

Liv. 21, 39, 7:

populus et senatus Romanus placide modesteque inter se rempublicam tractabant,

Sall. J. 41, 2:

bellum summa inter se contentione gerere,

Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25:

cum inter se timerent,

Nep. Dion, 4, 1; id. Eum. 4, 2: haec inter se quam repugnent, contradict one another, Cic. Tusc. 3, 29, 72; id. N. D. 1, 12, 30 (cf.: sibi repugnare, to be inconsistent with itself;

v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 1018): inter se differre,

Caes. B. G. 1, 1:

cur legendi sint, nisi ipsi inter se, qui idem sentiunt, non intellego,

by one another, Cic. Tusc. 2, 3, 8:

quosdam inter se similis,

id. Ac. 2, 17, 55:

res inter se similes,

Quint. 9, 2, 51; 9, 4, 17. — With subst.:

adhaesitationes atomorum inter se,

Cic. Fin. 1, 6, 19:

quae res eos in bello inter se habuit,

Sall. J. 79, 3; cf.:

auxerant inter se opinionem,

their mutual regard, Liv. 21, 39, 9.—Pleon.:

vitam inter se utriusque conferte,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 7, 20:

compositis inter se rebus,

Sall. J. 66, 2:

vitatur duriorum inter se congressus,

Quint. 11, 3, 35.—Of local relation:

duas insulas propinquas inter se,

Sall. H. 1, 61 Dietsch; id. J. 98, 3:

postquam haud procul inter se erant,

id. ib. 53, 7:

haud longe inter se castra facere,

id. ib. 55, 6 (inter se, without recipr. reference, v. supra, I. A. 4.).

Idiomatic uses.

Se, with prepp., one ' s house, home; mostly ad se, apud se, to or at one ' s house, home, at home:

quae me non excludet ab se, sed apud se occludet domi,

Plaut. Men. 4, 2, 108:

postquam in aedis me ad se deduxit domum,

id. Mil. 2, 1, 43:

me ad se ad prandium, ad cenam vocant,

id. ib. 3, 1, 118: intro nos vocat ad sese, tenet intus apud se, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 86 P.:

L. Caesar, ut veniam ad se, rogat,

Cic. Att. 15, 4, 5:

qui a me petierit ut secum et apud se essem cottidie,

id. ib. 5, 6, 1.—

Trop.:

num tibi videtur esse apud sese?

in his senses, Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 85. —

Sibi pleonast. as dat. of the interested person:

ipse autem Ariovistus tantus sibi spiritus sumpserat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 33 fin.:

tum sibi M. Pisonis domum ubi habitaret elegerat,

Cic. Phil. 2, 25, 61; cf. I. A. 2. supra. So esp. freq. in expressions of surprise or abrupt questions (commonly, but loosely called a dat. ethic.):

quid sibi vult pater? cur simulat?

Ter. And. 2, 3, 1:

quid sibi hic vestitus quaerit?

id. Eun. 3, 5, 10:

hostes admiratio cepit, quidnam sibi repentinus clamor vellet,

Liv. 44, 12, 1:

quid ergo sibi vult pars altera orationis?

id. 40, 12, 14:

mirantes, quid sibi vellet,

id. 3, 35, 5; 3, 50, 15; 4, 13, 12;

32, 25, 10: pro deum fidem quid vobis vultis?

id. 3, 67, 7. —

Sibi with suus, emphasizing the idea of possession, his own, etc. (ante- and post-class.):

cocleae... Suo sibi suco vivont,

Plaut. Capt. 1, 1, 13:

sed is quo pacto serviat suo sibi patri,

id. ib. prol. 5;

46: si ille huc salvos revenit, reddam suom sibi,

id. Trin. 1, 2, 119 Brix. ad loc.:

suam sibi rem salvam sistam,

id. Poen. 5, 2, 123:

locus argumento'st suom sibi proscaenium,

id. ib. prol. 57;

97: omnem rem inveni, ut sua sibi pecunia hodie illam faciat leno libertam suam,

id. Pers. 1, 3, 1:

suo sibi gnato,

id. As. 4, 2, 16:

hunc telo suo sibi a foribus pellere,

id. Am. 1, 1, 113:

sua sibi ingenua indoles,

id. Mil. 3, 1, 38:

suo sibi gladio hunc jugulo,

Ter. Ad. 5, 8, 35:

uvas suo sibi pampino tegito,

Col. Arb. 11:

suo sibi jure ablui,

id. R. R. 12, 7; 12, 41:

suo sibi argumento refutatus,

Gell. 5, 10, 16:

suo sibi lacte aleret,

id. 12, 1, 6:

a suis sibi parentibus,

App. M. 1, p. 104, 35:

in suis sibi domibus,

id. ib. 1, p. 106, 31; 4, p. 157, 7;

6, p. 186, 24: qui Deo... sua sibi opera praetulerunt,

Lact. 2, 5, 6; 3, 28, 20:

in suo sibi pervoluta sanguine,

App. M. 8, p. 207, 22; Vitr. 8, 7:

cum sua sibi natione captivus,

Min. Fel. 10, 4:

IN SVO SIBI POSITVS,

Inscr. Orell. 4495:

AEDEM CVM SVO SIBI HYPOGAEO,

Inscr. Rein. p. 646, 109.—In many passages in class. prose sibi occurs with suus, but retains its pronom. force:

factus consul est bis, primum ante tempus, iterum sibi suo tempore, rei publicae paene sero,

in good time for himself, Cic. Lael. 3, 11:

satis superque esse sibi suarum cuique rerum,

id. ib. 13, 45:

priusquam tu suum sibi venderes, ipse possedit,

id. Phil. 2, 37, 96:

vult ille inbecillitatis sibi suae conscius timere pituitam?

Sen. Q. N. 6, 2, 4 (v. suus II. D. 3. a).

bellum (ante-class. and poet. duel-lum), i, n. [Sanscr. dva, dvi, dus; cf. Germ. zwei; Engl. two, twice; for the change from initial du- to b-, cf. bis for duis, and v. the letter B, and Varr. L. L. 5, § 73 Mull.; 7, § 49 ib.], war.

Form duellum: duellum, bellum, videlicet quod duabus partibus de victoria contendentibus dimicatur. Inde est perduellis, qui pertinaciter retinet bellum, Paul. ex Fest. p. 66, 17 Mull.:

bellum antea duellum vocatum eo quod duae sunt dimicantium partes... Postea mutata littera dictum bellum,

Isid. Orig. 18, 1, 9: hos pestis necuit, pars occidit illa duellis, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 9, 861 P. (Ann. v. 549 Vahl.):

legiones reveniunt domum Exstincto duello maximo atque internecatis hostibus,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 35:

quae domi duellique male fecisti,

id. As. 3, 2, 13.—So in archaic style, or in citations from ancient documents:

quique agent rem duelli,

Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 21:

aes atque ferrum, duelli instrumenta,

id. ib. 2, 18, 45 (translated from the Platonic laws):

puro pioque duello quaerendas (res) censeo,

Liv. 1, 32, 12 (quoted from ancient transactions); so,

quod duellum populo Romano cum Carthaginiensi est,

id. 22, 10, 2:

victoriaque duelli populi Romani erit,

id. 23, 11, 2:

si duellum quod cum rege Antiocho sumi populus jussit,

id. 36, 2, 2;

and from an ancient inscription' duello magno dirimendo, etc.,

id. 40, 52, 5.— Poet.:

hic... Pacem duello miscuit,

Hor. C. 3, 5, 38:

cadum Marsi memorem duelli,

id. ib. 3, 14, 18:

vacuum duellis Janum Quirini clausit,

id. ib. 4, 15, 8; cf. id. Ep. 1, 2, 7; 2, 1, 254; 2, 2, 98; Ov. F. 6, 201; Juv. 1, 169— [p. 227]

Form bellum.

War, warfare (abstr.), or a war, the war (concr.), i.e. hostilities between two nations (cf. tumultus).

Specifying the enemy.

By adjj. denoting the nation:

omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124:

aliquot annis ante secundum Punicum bellum,

id. Ac. 2, 5, 13:

Britannicum bellum,

id. Att. 4, 16, 13:

Gallicum,

id. Prov. Cons. 14, 35:

Germanicum,

Caes. B. G. 3, 28:

Sabinum,

Liv. 1, 26, 4:

Parthicum,

Vell. 2, 46, 2;

similarly: bellum piraticum,

the war against the pirates, Vell. 2, 33, 1.—Sometimes the adj. refers to the leader or king of the enemy:

Sertorianum bellum,

Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18:

Mithridaticum,

id. Imp. Pomp. 3, 7:

Jugurthinum,

Hor. Epod. 9, 23; Vell. 2, 11, 1;

similarly: bellum regium,

the war against kings, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50. —Or it refers to the theatre of the war:

bellum Africanum, Transalpinum,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28:

Asiaticum,

id. ib. 22, 64:

Africum,

Caes. B. C. 2, 32 fin.:

Actiacum,

Vell. 2, 86, 3:

Hispaniense,

id. 2, 55, 2.—

With gen. of the name of the nation or its leader: bellum Latinorum, the Latin war, i. e. against the Latins, Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6:

Venetorum,

Caes. B. G. 3, 16:

Helvetiorum,

id. ib. 1, 40 fin.;

1, 30: Ambiorigis,

id. ib. 6, 29, 4:

Pyrrhi, Philippi,

Cic. Phil. 11, 7, 17:

Samnitium,

Liv. 7, 29, 2.—

With cum and abl. of the name.

Attributively:

cum Jugurtha, cum Cimbris, cum Teutonis bellum,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 20, 60:

belli causa cum Samnitibus,

Liv. 7, 29, 3:

hunc finem bellum cum Philippo habuit,

id. 33, 35, 12:

novum cum Antiocho instabat bellum,

id. 36, 36, 7; cf. id. 35, 40, 1; 38, 58, 8; 39, 1, 8; 44, 14, 7.—

With cum dependent on the verb:

quia bellum Aetolis esse dixi cum Aliis,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 59:

novi consules... duo bella habuere... alterum cum Tiburtibus,

Liv. 7, 17, 2; esp. with gero, v. 2. b. a infra.—

With adversus and acc. of the name.

Attributively:

bellum adversus Philippum,

Liv. 31, 1, 8:

bellum populus adversus Vestinos jussit,

id. 8, 29, 6.—

With adversus dependent on the verb: quod homines populi Hermunduli adversus populum Romanum bellum fecere, Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1: nos pro vobis bellum suscepimus adversus Philippum. Liv. 31, 31, 18:

ut multo acrius adversus duos quam adversus unum pararet bellum,

id. 45, 11, 8:

bellum quod rex adversus Datamem susceperat,

Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—

With contra and acc.:

cum bellum nefarium contra aras et focos, contra vitam fortunasque nostras... non comparari, sed geri jam viderem,

Cic. Phil. 3, 1, 1:

causam belli contra patriam inferendi,

id. ib. 2, 22, 53.—

With in and acc. (very rare):

Athenienses in Peloponnesios sexto et vicesimo anno bellum gerentes,

Nep. Lys. 1, 1.—

With inter and acc.:

hic finis belli inter Romanos ac Persea fuit,

Liv. 45, 9, 2.—

With apud and acc.:

secutum est bellum gestum apud Mutinam,

Nep. Att. 9, 1.—

With dat. of the enemy after inferre and facere, v. 2. a. k infra.—

With verbs.

Referring to the beginning of the war.

Bellum movere or commovere, to bring about, stir up a war:

summa erat observatio in bello movendo,

Cic. Off. 1, 11, 37:

bellum commotum a Scapula,

id. Fam. 9, 13, 1:

nuntiabant alii... in Apulia servile bellum moveri,

Sall. C. 30, 2:

is primum Volscis bellum in ducentos amplius... annos movit,

Liv. 1, 53, 2:

insequenti anno Veiens bellum motum,

id. 4, 58, 6:

dii pium movere bellum,

id. 8, 6, 4; cf. Verg. A. 10, 627; id. G. 1, 509; so,

concitare,

Liv. 7, 27, 5; and ciere ( poet.), Verg. A. 1, 541; 6, 829; 12, 158.—

Bellum parare, comparare, apparare, or se praeparare bello, to prepare a war, or for a war:

cum tam pestiferum bellum pararet,

Cic. Att. 9, 13, 3:

bellum utrimque summopere parabatur,

Liv. 1, 23, 1; cf. id. 45, 11, 8 (v. II. A. 1. d. b supra); Nep. Hann. 2, 6; Quint. 12, 3, 5; Ov. M. 7, 456; so,

parare alicui,

Nep. Alcib. 9, 5:

bellum terra et mari comparat,

Cic. Att. 10, 4, 3:

tantum bellum... Cn. Pompeius extrema hieme apparavit, ineunte vere suscepit, media aestate confecit,

id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 3, 5:

bellum omnium consensu apparari coeptum,

Liv. 4, 55, 7:

numquam imperator ita paci credit, ut non se praeparet bello,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 26, 2.—

Bellum differre, to postpone a war:

nec jam poterat bellum differri,

Liv. 2, 30, 7:

mors Hamilcaris et pueritia Hannibalis distulerunt bellum,

id. 21, 2, 3; cf. id. 5, 5, 3.—

Bellum sumere, to undertake, begin a war (not in Caesar):

omne bellum sumi facile, ceterum aegerrume desinere,

Sall. J. 83, 1:

prius tamen omnia pati decrevit quam bellum sumere,

id. ib. 20, 5:

de integro bellum sumit,

id. ib. 62, 9:

iis haec maxima ratio belli sumendi fuerat,

Liv. 38, 19, 3:

sumi bellum etiam ab ignavis, strenuissimi cujusque periculo geri,

Tac. H. 4, 69; cf. id. A. 2, 45; 13, 34; 15, 5; 15, 7; id. Agr. 16.—

Bellum suscipere (rarely inire), to undertake, commence a war, join in a war:

bellum ita suscipiatur ut nihil nisi pax quaesita videatur,

Cic. Off. 1, 23, 80:

suscipienda quidem bella sunt ob eam causam ut, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 11, 35:

judicavit a plerisque ignoratione... bellum esse susceptum,

join, id. Marcell. 5, 13; id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 35 (v. supra):

cum avertisset plebem a suscipiendo bello,

undertaking, Liv. 4, 58, 14:

senatui cum Camillo agi placuit ut bellum Etruscum susciperet,

id. 6, 9, 5:

bella non causis inita, sed ut eorum merces fuit,

Vell. 2, 3, 3.—

Bellum consentire = bellum consensu decernere, to decree a war by agreement, to ratify a declaration of war (rare):

consensit et senatus bellum,

Liv. 8, 6, 8:

bellum erat consensum,

id. 1, 32, 12.—

Bellum alicui mandare, committere, decernere, dare, gerendum dare, ad aliquem deferre, or aliquem bello praeficere, praeponere, to assign a war to one as a commander, to give one the chief command in a war:

sed ne tum quidem populus Romanus ad privatum detulit bellum,

Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18:

populus Romanus consuli... bellum gerendum dedit,

id. ib.:

cur non... eidem... hoc quoque bellum regium committamus?

id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50:

Camillus cui id bellum mandatum erat,

Liv. 5, 26, 3:

Volscum bellum M. Furio extra ordinem decretum,

id. 6, 22, 6:

Gallicum bellum Popilio extra ordinem datum,

id. 7, 23, 2:

quo die a vobis maritimo bello praepositus est imperator,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44:

cum ei (bello) imperatorem praeficere possitis, in quo sit eximia belli scientia,

id. ib. 16, 49:

hunc toti bello praefecerunt,

Caes. B. G. 5, 11 fin.:

alicui bellum suscipiendum dare,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 19, 58:

bellum administrandum permittere,

id. ib. 21, 61.—

Bellum indicere alicui, to declare war against (the regular expression; coupled with facere in the ancient formula of the pater patratus), also bellum denuntiare: ob eam rem ego... populo Hermundulo... bellum (in)dico facioque, Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1:

ob eam rem ego populusque Romanus populis... Latinis bellum indico facioque,

Liv. 1, 32, 13:

Corinthiis bellum indicamus an non?

Cic. Inv. 1, 12, 17:

ex quo intellegi potest, nullum bellum esse justum nisi quod aut rebus repetitis geratur, aut denuntiatum ante sit et indictum,

id. Off. 1, 11, 36; id. Rep. 3, 23, 35:

bellum indici posse existimabat,

Liv. 1, 22, 4:

ni reddantur (res) bellum indicere jussos,

id. 1, 22, 6:

ut... nec gererentur solum sed etiam indicerentur bella aliquo ritu, jus... descripsit quo res repetuntur,

id. 1, 32, 5; cf. id. 1, 32, 9; 2, 18, 11; 2, 38, 5; Verg. A. 7, 616.—

Bellum inferre alicui (cf. contra aliquem, 1. e. supra; also bellum facere; absol., with dat., or with cum and abl.), to begin a war against ( with), to make war on:

Denseletis nefarium bellum intulisti,

Cic. Pis. 34, 84:

ei civitati bellum indici atque inferri solere,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79:

qui sibi Galliaeque bellum intulissent,

Caes. B. G. 4, 16; Nep. Them. 2, 4; Verg. A. 3, 248:

bellumne populo Romano Lampsacena civitas facere conabatur?

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79:

bellum patriae faciet,

id. Mil. 23, 63; id. Cat. 3, 9, 22:

civitatem Eburonum populo Romano bellum facere ausam,

Caes. B. G. 5, 28; cf. id. ib. 7, 2;

3, 29: constituit bellum facere,

Sall. C. 26, 5; 24, 2:

occupant bellum facere,

they are the first to begin the war, Liv. 1, 14, 4:

ut bellum cum Priscis Latinis fieret,

id. 1, 32, 13:

populus Palaepolitanis bellum fieri jussit,

id. 8, 22, 8; cf. Nep. Dion, 4, 3; id. Ages. 2, 1.— Coupled with instruere, to sustain a war:

urbs quae bellum facere atque instruere possit,

Cic. Agr. 2, 28, 77.—Bellum facere had become obsolete at Seneca's time, Sen. Ep. 114, 17.—

Bellum oritur or exoritur, a war begins:

subito bellum in Gallia ex, ortum est,

Caes. B. G. 3, 7:

aliud multo propius bellum ortum,

Liv. 1, 14, 4:

Veiens bellum exortum,

id. 2, 53, 1.—

bellum

(ante-class. and poet.

duel-lum

), i, n. [Sanscr. dva, dvi, dus; cf. Germ. zwei; Engl. two, twice; for the change from initial du- to b-, cf. bis for duis, and v. the letter B, and Varr. L. L. 5, § 73 Mull.; 7, § 49 ib.], war.

Form duellum: duellum, bellum, videlicet quod duabus partibus de victoria contendentibus dimicatur. Inde est perduellis, qui pertinaciter retinet bellum, Paul. ex Fest. p. 66, 17 Mull.:

bellum antea duellum vocatum eo quod duae sunt dimicantium partes... Postea mutata littera dictum bellum,

Isid. Orig. 18, 1, 9: hos pestis necuit, pars occidit illa duellis, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 9, 861 P. (Ann. v. 549 Vahl.):

legiones reveniunt domum Exstincto duello maximo atque internecatis hostibus,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 35:

quae domi duellique male fecisti,

id. As. 3, 2, 13.—So in archaic style, or in citations from ancient documents:

quique agent rem duelli,

Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 21:

aes atque ferrum, duelli instrumenta,

id. ib. 2, 18, 45 (translated from the Platonic laws):

puro pioque duello quaerendas (res) censeo,

Liv. 1, 32, 12 (quoted from ancient transactions); so,

quod duellum populo Romano cum Carthaginiensi est,

id. 22, 10, 2:

victoriaque duelli populi Romani erit,

id. 23, 11, 2:

si duellum quod cum rege Antiocho sumi populus jussit,

id. 36, 2, 2;

and from an ancient inscription' duello magno dirimendo, etc.,

id. 40, 52, 5.— Poet.:

hic... Pacem duello miscuit,

Hor. C. 3, 5, 38:

cadum Marsi memorem duelli,

id. ib. 3, 14, 18:

vacuum duellis Janum Quirini clausit,

id. ib. 4, 15, 8; cf. id. Ep. 1, 2, 7; 2, 1, 254; 2, 2, 98; Ov. F. 6, 201; Juv. 1, 169— [p. 227]

Form bellum.

War, warfare (abstr.), or a war, the war (concr.), i.e. hostilities between two nations (cf. tumultus).

Specifying the enemy.

By adjj. denoting the nation:

omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124:

aliquot annis ante secundum Punicum bellum,

id. Ac. 2, 5, 13:

Britannicum bellum,

id. Att. 4, 16, 13:

Gallicum,

id. Prov. Cons. 14, 35:

Germanicum,

Caes. B. G. 3, 28:

Sabinum,

Liv. 1, 26, 4:

Parthicum,

Vell. 2, 46, 2;

similarly: bellum piraticum,

the war against the pirates, Vell. 2, 33, 1.—Sometimes the adj. refers to the leader or king of the enemy:

Sertorianum bellum,

Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18:

Mithridaticum,

id. Imp. Pomp. 3, 7:

Jugurthinum,

Hor. Epod. 9, 23; Vell. 2, 11, 1;

similarly: bellum regium,

the war against kings, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50. —Or it refers to the theatre of the war:

bellum Africanum, Transalpinum,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28:

Asiaticum,

id. ib. 22, 64:

Africum,

Caes. B. C. 2, 32 fin.:

Actiacum,

Vell. 2, 86, 3:

Hispaniense,

id. 2, 55, 2.—

With gen. of the name of the nation or its leader: bellum Latinorum, the Latin war, i. e. against the Latins, Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6:

Venetorum,

Caes. B. G. 3, 16:

Helvetiorum,

id. ib. 1, 40 fin.;

1, 30: Ambiorigis,

id. ib. 6, 29, 4:

Pyrrhi, Philippi,

Cic. Phil. 11, 7, 17:

Samnitium,

Liv. 7, 29, 2.—

With cum and abl. of the name.

Attributively:

cum Jugurtha, cum Cimbris, cum Teutonis bellum,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 20, 60:

belli causa cum Samnitibus,

Liv. 7, 29, 3:

hunc finem bellum cum Philippo habuit,

id. 33, 35, 12:

novum cum Antiocho instabat bellum,

id. 36, 36, 7; cf. id. 35, 40, 1; 38, 58, 8; 39, 1, 8; 44, 14, 7.—

With cum dependent on the verb:

quia bellum Aetolis esse dixi cum Aliis,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 59:

novi consules... duo bella habuere... alterum cum Tiburtibus,

Liv. 7, 17, 2; esp. with gero, v. 2. b. a infra.—

With adversus and acc. of the name.

Attributively:

bellum adversus Philippum,

Liv. 31, 1, 8:

bellum populus adversus Vestinos jussit,

id. 8, 29, 6.—

With adversus dependent on the verb: quod homines populi Hermunduli adversus populum Romanum bellum fecere, Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1: nos pro vobis bellum suscepimus adversus Philippum. Liv. 31, 31, 18:

ut multo acrius adversus duos quam adversus unum pararet bellum,

id. 45, 11, 8:

bellum quod rex adversus Datamem susceperat,

Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—

With contra and acc.:

cum bellum nefarium contra aras et focos, contra vitam fortunasque nostras... non comparari, sed geri jam viderem,

Cic. Phil. 3, 1, 1:

causam belli contra patriam inferendi,

id. ib. 2, 22, 53.—

With in and acc. (very rare):

Athenienses in Peloponnesios sexto et vicesimo anno bellum gerentes,

Nep. Lys. 1, 1.—

With inter and acc.:

hic finis belli inter Romanos ac Persea fuit,

Liv. 45, 9, 2.—

With apud and acc.:

secutum est bellum gestum apud Mutinam,

Nep. Att. 9, 1.—

With dat. of the enemy after inferre and facere, v. 2. a. k infra.—

With verbs.

Referring to the beginning of the war.

Bellum movere or commovere, to bring about, stir up a war:

summa erat observatio in bello movendo,

Cic. Off. 1, 11, 37:

bellum commotum a Scapula,

id. Fam. 9, 13, 1:

nuntiabant alii... in Apulia servile bellum moveri,

Sall. C. 30, 2:

is primum Volscis bellum in ducentos amplius... annos movit,

Liv. 1, 53, 2:

insequenti anno Veiens bellum motum,

id. 4, 58, 6:

dii pium movere bellum,

id. 8, 6, 4; cf. Verg. A. 10, 627; id. G. 1, 509; so,

concitare,

Liv. 7, 27, 5; and ciere ( poet.), Verg. A. 1, 541; 6, 829; 12, 158.—

Bellum parare, comparare, apparare, or se praeparare bello, to prepare a war, or for a war:

cum tam pestiferum bellum pararet,

Cic. Att. 9, 13, 3:

bellum utrimque summopere parabatur,

Liv. 1, 23, 1; cf. id. 45, 11, 8 (v. II. A. 1. d. b supra); Nep. Hann. 2, 6; Quint. 12, 3, 5; Ov. M. 7, 456; so,

parare alicui,

Nep. Alcib. 9, 5:

bellum terra et mari comparat,

Cic. Att. 10, 4, 3:

tantum bellum... Cn. Pompeius extrema hieme apparavit, ineunte vere suscepit, media aestate confecit,

id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 3, 5:

bellum omnium consensu apparari coeptum,

Liv. 4, 55, 7:

numquam imperator ita paci credit, ut non se praeparet bello,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 26, 2.—

Bellum differre, to postpone a war:

nec jam poterat bellum differri,

Liv. 2, 30, 7:

mors Hamilcaris et pueritia Hannibalis distulerunt bellum,

id. 21, 2, 3; cf. id. 5, 5, 3.—

Bellum sumere, to undertake, begin a war (not in Caesar):

omne bellum sumi facile, ceterum aegerrume desinere,

Sall. J. 83, 1:

prius tamen omnia pati decrevit quam bellum sumere,

id. ib. 20, 5:

de integro bellum sumit,

id. ib. 62, 9:

iis haec maxima ratio belli sumendi fuerat,

Liv. 38, 19, 3:

sumi bellum etiam ab ignavis, strenuissimi cujusque periculo geri,

Tac. H. 4, 69; cf. id. A. 2, 45; 13, 34; 15, 5; 15, 7; id. Agr. 16.—

Bellum suscipere (rarely inire), to undertake, commence a war, join in a war:

bellum ita suscipiatur ut nihil nisi pax quaesita videatur,

Cic. Off. 1, 23, 80:

suscipienda quidem bella sunt ob eam causam ut, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 11, 35:

judicavit a plerisque ignoratione... bellum esse susceptum,

join, id. Marcell. 5, 13; id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 35 (v. supra):

cum avertisset plebem a suscipiendo bello,

undertaking, Liv. 4, 58, 14:

senatui cum Camillo agi placuit ut bellum Etruscum susciperet,

id. 6, 9, 5:

bella non causis inita, sed ut eorum merces fuit,

Vell. 2, 3, 3.—

Bellum consentire = bellum consensu decernere, to decree a war by agreement, to ratify a declaration of war (rare):

consensit et senatus bellum,

Liv. 8, 6, 8:

bellum erat consensum,

id. 1, 32, 12.—

Bellum alicui mandare, committere, decernere, dare, gerendum dare, ad aliquem deferre, or aliquem bello praeficere, praeponere, to assign a war to one as a commander, to give one the chief command in a war:

sed ne tum quidem populus Romanus ad privatum detulit bellum,

Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18:

populus Romanus consuli... bellum gerendum dedit,

id. ib.:

cur non... eidem... hoc quoque bellum regium committamus?

id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50:

Camillus cui id bellum mandatum erat,

Liv. 5, 26, 3:

Volscum bellum M. Furio extra ordinem decretum,

id. 6, 22, 6:

Gallicum bellum Popilio extra ordinem datum,

id. 7, 23, 2:

quo die a vobis maritimo bello praepositus est imperator,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44:

cum ei (bello) imperatorem praeficere possitis, in quo sit eximia belli scientia,

id. ib. 16, 49:

hunc toti bello praefecerunt,

Caes. B. G. 5, 11 fin.:

alicui bellum suscipiendum dare,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 19, 58:

bellum administrandum permittere,

id. ib. 21, 61.—

Bellum indicere alicui, to declare war against (the regular expression; coupled with facere in the ancient formula of the pater patratus), also bellum denuntiare: ob eam rem ego... populo Hermundulo... bellum (in)dico facioque, Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1:

ob eam rem ego populusque Romanus populis... Latinis bellum indico facioque,

Liv. 1, 32, 13:

Corinthiis bellum indicamus an non?

Cic. Inv. 1, 12, 17:

ex quo intellegi potest, nullum bellum esse justum nisi quod aut rebus repetitis geratur, aut denuntiatum ante sit et indictum,

id. Off. 1, 11, 36; id. Rep. 3, 23, 35:

bellum indici posse existimabat,

Liv. 1, 22, 4:

ni reddantur (res) bellum indicere jussos,

id. 1, 22, 6:

ut... nec gererentur solum sed etiam indicerentur bella aliquo ritu, jus... descripsit quo res repetuntur,

id. 1, 32, 5; cf. id. 1, 32, 9; 2, 18, 11; 2, 38, 5; Verg. A. 7, 616.—

Bellum inferre alicui (cf. contra aliquem, 1. e. supra; also bellum facere; absol., with dat., or with cum and abl.), to begin a war against ( with), to make war on:

Denseletis nefarium bellum intulisti,

Cic. Pis. 34, 84:

ei civitati bellum indici atque inferri solere,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79:

qui sibi Galliaeque bellum intulissent,

Caes. B. G. 4, 16; Nep. Them. 2, 4; Verg. A. 3, 248:

bellumne populo Romano Lampsacena civitas facere conabatur?

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79:

bellum patriae faciet,

id. Mil. 23, 63; id. Cat. 3, 9, 22:

civitatem Eburonum populo Romano bellum facere ausam,

Caes. B. G. 5, 28; cf. id. ib. 7, 2;

3, 29: constituit bellum facere,

Sall. C. 26, 5; 24, 2:

occupant bellum facere,

they are the first to begin the war, Liv. 1, 14, 4:

ut bellum cum Priscis Latinis fieret,

id. 1, 32, 13:

populus Palaepolitanis bellum fieri jussit,

id. 8, 22, 8; cf. Nep. Dion, 4, 3; id. Ages. 2, 1.— Coupled with instruere, to sustain a war:

urbs quae bellum facere atque instruere possit,

Cic. Agr. 2, 28, 77.—Bellum facere had become obsolete at Seneca's time, Sen. Ep. 114, 17.—

Bellum oritur or exoritur, a war begins:

subito bellum in Gallia ex, ortum est,

Caes. B. G. 3, 7:

aliud multo propius bellum ortum,

Liv. 1, 14, 4:

Veiens bellum exortum,

id. 2, 53, 1.—

Referring to the carrying on of the war: bellum gerere, to carry on a war; absol., with cum and abl., per and acc., or in and abl. (cf.:

bellum gerere in aliquem, 1. a. and f. supra): nisi forte ego vobis... cessare nunc videor cum bella non gero,

Cic. Sen. 6, 18:

cum Celtiberis, cum Cimbris bellum ut cum inimicis gerebatur,

id. Off. 1, 12, 38:

cum ei bellum ut cum rege Perse gereret obtigisset,

id. Div. 1, 46, 103:

erant hae difficultates belli gerendi,

Caes. B. G. 3, 10:

bellum cum Germanis gerere constituit,

id. ib. 4, 6:

Cn. Pompeius in extremis terris bellum gerebat,

Sall. C. 16, 5:

bellum quod Hannibale duce Carthaginienses cum populo Romano gessere,

Liv. 21, 1, 1:

alter consul in Sabinis bellum gessit,

id. 2, 62, 3:

de exercitibus per quos id bellum gereretur,

id. 23, 25, 5:

Chabrias bella in Aegypto sua sponte gessit,

Nep. Chabr, 2, 1.—Sometimes bellum administrare only of the commander, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 43; Nep. Chabr. 2, 1. —Also (very rare):

bellum bellare,

Liv. 8, 40, 1 (but belligerantes is absol., Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38; Ann. v. 201 Vahl.);

in the same sense: bellum agere,

Nep. Hann. 8, 3. —As a synonym:

bello persequi aliquem,

Nep. Con. 4, 1; cf. Liv. 3, 25, 3.—

Trahere or ducere bellum, to protract a war:

necesse est enim aut trahi id bellum, aut, etc.,

Cic. Att. 10, 8, 2:

bellum trahi non posse,

Sall. J. 23, 2:

belli trahendi causa,

Liv. 5, 11, 8:

morae qua trahebant bellum paenitebat,

id. 9, 27, 5:

suadere institui ut bellum duceret,

Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 2:

bellum enim ducetur,

id. ad Brut. 1, 18, 6; Nep. Alcib. 8, 1; id. Dat. 8, 4;

similarly: cum his molliter et per dilationes bellum geri oportet?

Liv. 5, 5, 1.—

Bellum repellere, defendere, or propulsare, to ward off, defend one ' s self against a war:

bellum Gallicum C. Caesare imperatore gestum est, antea tantummodo repulsum,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 13, 32:

quod bellum non intulerit sed defenderit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 44:

Samnitium vix a se ipsis eo tempore propulsantium bellum,

Liv. 8, 37, 5.—

Referring to the end of a war.

Bellum deponere, ponere, or omittere, to give up, discontinue a war:

in quo (i.e. bello) et gerendo et deponendo jus ut plurimum valeret lege sanximus,

Cic. Leg. 2, 14, 34:

(bellum) cum deponi victores velint,

Sall. J. 83, 1:

bellum decem ferme annis ante depositum erat,

Liv. 31, 1, 8:

nos depositum a vobis bellum et ipsi omisimus,

id. 31, 31, 19:

dicit posse condicionibus bellum poni,

Sall. J. 112, 1:

bellum grave cum Etruria positum est,

id. H. Fragm. 1, 9 Dietsch:

velut posito bello,

Liv. 1, 53, 5:

manere bellum quod positum simuletur,

id. 1, 53, 7:

posito ubique bello,

Tac. H. 2, 52; cf. Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 93; Verg. A. 1, 291:

omisso Romano bello Porsinna filium Arruntem Ariciam... mittit,

Liv. 2, 14, 5.—

Bellum componere, to end a war by agreement, make peace:

timerent ne bellum componeretur,

Cic. Fam. 10, 33, 3:

si bellum compositum foret,

Sall. J. 97, 2:

belli componendi licentiam,

id. ib. 103, 3; cf. Nep. Ham. 1, 5; id. Hann. 6, 2; id. Alcib. 8, 3; Verg. A. 12, 109;

similarly: bellum sedare,

Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—

Bellum conficere, perficere, finire, to finish, end a war; conficere (the most usual term) and perficere, = to finish a war by conquering; finire (rare), without implying success:

is bellum confecerit qui Antonium oppresserit,

Cic. Fam. 11, 12, 2:

bellumque maximum conficies,

id. Rep. 6, 11, 11:

confecto Mithridatico bello,

id. Prov. Cons. 11, 27; cf. id. Fam. 5, 10, 3; id. Imp. Pomp. 14, 42:

quo proelio... bellum Venetorum confectum est,

Caes. B. G. 3, 16; cf. id. ib. 1, 30; 1, 44; 1, 54; 3, 28;

4, 16: bello confecto de Rhodiis consultum est,

Sall. C. 51, 5; cf. id. J. 36, 1; 114, 3:

neminem nisi bello confecto pecuniam petiturum esse,

Liv. 24, 18, 11; cf. id. 21, 40, 11; 23, 6, 2; 31, 47, 4; 32, 32, 6;

36, 2, 3: bello perfecto,

Caes. B. C. 3, 18, 5; Liv. 1, 38, 3:

se quo die hostem vidisset perfecturum (i. e. bellum),

id. 22, 38, 7; 31, 4, 2; cf. id. 3, 24, 1; 34, 6, 12; Just. 5, 2, 11:

neque desiturum ante... quam finitum aliqua tolerabili condicione bellum videro,

Liv. 23, 12, 10: finito ex maxima parte.. [p. 228] italico bello, Vell. 2, 17, 1; Curt. 3, 1, 9; Tac. A. 15, 17; Just. 16, 2, 6; 24, 1, 8; Verg. A. 11, 116.—

Less usual connections:

bellum delere: non modo praesentia sed etiam futura bella delevit,

Cic. Lael. 3, 11; cf. Nep. Alcib. 8, 4:

alere ac fovere bellum,

Liv. 42, 11, 5:

bellum navare alicui,

Tac. H. 5, 25:

spargere,

id. A. 3, 21; id. Agr. 38; Luc. 2, 682:

serere,

Liv. 21, 10, 4:

circumferre,

Tac. A. 13, 37:

exercere,

id. ib. 6, 31:

quam celeriter belli impetus navigavit ( = quam celeriter navale bellum gestum est),

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 34; so Flor. 2, 2, 17:

bellum ascendit in rupes,

id. 4, 12, 4:

bellum serpit in proximos,

id. 2, 9, 4; cf. id. 2, 2, 15:

bella narrare,

Cic. Or. 9, 30:

canere bella,

Quint. 10, 1, 91:

bella legere,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28.—

As object denoting place or time.

Proficisci ad bellum, to depart for the war.

Of the commander:

consul sortitu ad bellum profectus,

Cic. Phil. 14, 2, 4; cf. id. Cat. 1, 13, 33:

ipse ad bellum Ambiorigis profectus,

Caes. B. G. 6, 29, 4:

ut duo ex tribunis ad bellum proficiscerentur,

Liv. 4, 45, 7; cf. id. 6, 2, 9: Nep. Alcib. 4, 1; Sall. H. 2, 96 Dietsch. —Post-class.:

in bellum,

Just. 2, 11, 9; Gell. 17, 9, 8.—

Of persons partaking in a war:

si proficiscerer ad bellum,

Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 1. —

Ad bellum mittere, of the commander, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50; 21, 62.—

In bella ruere, Verg. A. 7, 782; 9, 182:

in bella sequi,

id. ib. 8, 547.—

Of time.

In the locative case belli, in war, during war; generally with domi ( = domi militiaeque):

valete, judices justissimi, domi bellique duellatores,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 68; so,

domi duellique,

id. As. 3, 2, 13 (v. I. supra):

quibuscunque rebus vel belli vel domi poterunt rem publicam augeant,

Cic. Off. 2, 24, 85:

paucorum arbitrio belli domique agitabatur,

Sall. J. 41, 7:

animus belli ingens, domi modicus,

id. ib. 63, 2; Liv. 2, 50, 11; 1, 36, 6; so id. 3, 43, 1; cf.:

bello domique,

id. 1, 34, 12:

domi belloque,

id. 9, 26, 21; and:

neque bello, neque domi,

id. 4, 35, 3.—Without domi:

simul rem et gloriam armis belli repperi,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 60 (where belli may be taken with gloriam; cf.

Wagn. ad loc.): magnae res temporibus illis a fortissimis viris... belli gerebantur,

Cic. Rep. 2, 32, 86.—

In bello or in bellis, during war or wars, in the war, in the wars; with adj.:

ad haec quae in civili bello fecerit,

Cic. Phil. 2, 19, 47; cf. id. ib. 14, 8, 22:

in ipso bello eadem sensi,

id. Marcell. 5, 14:

in Volsco bello virtus enituit,

Liv. 2, 24, 8:

in eo bello,

id. 23, 46, 6:

in Punicis bellis, Plin.8, 14, 14, § 37: in bello Trojano,

id. 30, 1, 2, § 5.—Without adj.:

ut fit in bello, capitur alter filius,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 25:

qui in bello occiderunt,

Cic. Fam. 9, 5, 2:

quod in bello saepius vindicatum est in eos, etc.,

Sall. C. 9, 4:

non in bello solum, sed etiam in pace,

Liv. 1, 15, 8; 2, 23, 2:

in bello parta,

Quint. 5, 10, 42; 12, 1, 28.—

Abl. bello or bellis = in bello or in bellis (freq.); with adjj.: nos semper omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis amicitiam fidemque populi Romani secuti sumus. Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124:

bello Italico,

id. Pis. 36, 87:

Veienti bello,

id. Div. 1, 44, 100:

domestico bello,

id. Planc. 29, 70:

qui Volsco, Aurunco Sabinoque militassent bello,

Liv. 23, 12, 11:

victor tot intra paucos dies bellis,

id. 2, 27, 1:

nullo bello, multis tamen proeliis victus,

id. 9, 18, 9:

bello civili,

Quint. 11, 1, 36.—With gen.:

praesentiam saepe divi suam declarant, ut et apud Regillum bello Latinorum,

Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6:

suam felicitatem Helvetiorum bello esse perspectam,

Caes. B. G. 1, 40.—Without attrib.:

qui etiam bello victis regibus regna reddere consuevit,

Cic. Sest. 26, 57:

res pace belloque gestas,

Liv. 2, 1, 1:

egregieque rebus bello gestis,

id. 1, 33, 9; so id. 23, 12, 11:

ludi bello voti,

id. 4, 35. 3:

princeps pace belloque,

id. 7, 1, 9:

Cotyn bello juvisse Persea,

id. 45, 42, 7:

bello parta,

Quint. 5, 10, 15; cf. id. 7, 4, 22; Ov. M. 8, 19.—

Inter bellum (rare):

cujus originis morem necesse est... inter bellum natum esse,

Liv. 2, 14, 2:

inter haec bella consules... facti,

id. 2, 63, 1.—

Bellum in attributive connection.

Justum bellum.

A righteous war, Cic. Off. 1, 11, 36 (v. II. A. 2. a. th supra):

justum piumque bellum,

Liv. 1, 23, 4:

non loquor apud recusantem justa bella populum,

id. 7, 30, 17; so Ov. M. 8, 58; cf.: illa injusta sunt bella quae sine causa suscepta sunt, Cic. Rep. 3, 23, 35.—

A regular war (opp. a raid, etc.):

in fines Romanos excucurrerunt, populabundi magis quam justi more belli,

Liv. 1, 15, 1.—

For the different kinds of war: domesticum, civile, intestinum, externum, navale, maritimum, terra marique gestum, servile, sociale; v. hh. vv.—

Belli eventus or exitus, the result of a war:

quicunque belli eventus fuisset,

Cic. Marcell. 8, 24:

haud sane alio animo belli eventum exspectabant,

Sall. C. 37, 9:

eventus tamen belli minus miserabilem dimicationem fecit,

Liv. 1, 23, 2; cf. id. 7, 11, 1:

exitus hujus calamitosissimi belli,

Cic. Fam. 6, 21, 1:

cum esset incertus exitus et anceps fortuna belli,

id. Marcell. 5, 15; so id. Off. 2, 8,:

Britannici belli exitus exspectatur,

id. Att. 4, 16, 13:

cetera bella maximeque Veiens incerti exitus erant,

Liv. 5, 16, 8.—

Fortuna belli, the chances of war:

adeo varia fortuna belli ancepsque Mars fuit ut,

Liv. 21, 1, 2; cf. Cic. Marcell. 5, 15 (v. c. supra).—

Belli artes, military skill:

cuilibet superiorum regum belli pacisque et artibus et gloria par,

Liv. 1, 35, 1:

haud ignotas belli artes,

id. 21, 1, 2:

temperata et belli et pacis artibus erat civitas,

id. 1, 21, 6.—

Jus belli, the law of war: jura belli, the rights ( law) of war:

in re publica maxime servanda sunt jura belli,

Cic. Off. 1, 11, 34:

sunt et belli sicut pacis jura,

Liv. 5, 27, 6:

jure belli res vindicatur,

Gai. Inst. 3, 94.—

Belli duces praestantissimos, the most excellent captains, generals, Cic. Or. 1, 2, 7:

trium simul bellorum victor,

a victor in three wars, Liv. 6, 4, 1 (cf.:

victor tot bellis,

id. 2, 27, 1). —

Belli vulnera, Cic. Marcell. 8, 24.—

Transf.

Of things concr. and abstr.:

qui parietibus, qui tectis, qui columnis ac postibus meis... bellum intulistis,

Cic. Dom. 23, 60:

bellum contra aras et focos,

id. Phil. 3, 1, 1:

miror cur philosophiae... bellum indixeris,

id. Or. 2, 37, 155:

ventri Indico bellum,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 8.—

Of animals:

milvo est quoddam bellum quasi naturale cum corvo,

Cic. N. D. 2, 49, 125:

hanc Juno Esse jussit gruem, populisque suis indicere bellum,

Ov. M. 6, 92.—

With individuals:

quid mihi opu'st... cum eis gerere bellum, etc.,

Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 14:

nihil turpius quam cum eo bellum gerere quicum familiariter vixeris,

Cic. Lael. 21, 77:

cum mihi uni cum improbis aeternum videam bellum susceptum,

id. Sull. 9, 28:

hoc tibi juventus Romana indicimus bellum,

Liv. 2, 12, 11:

falsum testem justo ac pio bello persequebatur,

id. 3, 25, 3:

tribunicium domi bellum patres territat,

id. 3, 24, 1; cf. Plin. Ep. 1, 2, 57.—Ironically:

equus Trojanus qui tot invictos viros muliebre bellum gerentes tulerit ac texerit,

Cic. Cael. 28, 67.—

In mal. part., Hor. C. 3, 26, 3; 4, 1, 2.—

Personified as god of war ( = Janus):

tabulas duas quae Belli faciem pictam habent,

Plin. 35, 4, 10, § 27:

sunt geminae Belli portae, etc.,

Verg. A. 7, 607:

mortiferumque averso in limine Bellum,

id. ib. 6, 279.—

Plur.: bella, army ( poet.):

permanet Aonius Nereus violentus in undis, Bellaque non transfert (i.e. Graecorum exercitum),

Ov. M. 12, 24:

sed victae fera bella deae vexere per aequora,

Sil. 7, 472:

quid faciat bellis obsessus et undis?

Stat. Th. 9, 490.—

Battle, = proelium:

rorarii dicti a rore: qui bellum committebant ante,

Varr. L. L. 7, 3, 92:

quod in bello saepius vindicatum in eos qui... tardius, revocati, bello excesserant,

Sall. C. 9, 4:

praecipua laus ejus belli penes consules fuit,

Liv. 8, 10, 7:

commisso statim bello,

Front. Strat. 1, 11, 2:

Actia bella,

Verg. A. 8, 675:

ingentem pugnam, ceu cetera nusquam Bella forent,

id. ib. 2, 439; cf. Flor. 3, 5, 11; Just. 2, 12; 18, 1 fin.; 24, 8; Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 98 (form duellum); Ov. H. 1, 1, 69; Verg. A. 8, 547; 12, 390; 12, 633; Stat. Th. 3, 666. —

Bellum = liber de bello:

quam gaudebat Bello suo Punico Naevius!

Cic. Sen. 14, 50.

Referring to the carrying on of the war: bellum gerere, to carry on a war; absol., with cum and abl., per and acc., or in and abl. (cf.:

bellum gerere in aliquem, 1. a. and f. supra): nisi forte ego vobis... cessare nunc videor cum bella non gero,

Cic. Sen. 6, 18:

cum Celtiberis, cum Cimbris bellum ut cum inimicis gerebatur,

id. Off. 1, 12, 38:

cum ei bellum ut cum rege Perse gereret obtigisset,

id. Div. 1, 46, 103:

erant hae difficultates belli gerendi,

Caes. B. G. 3, 10:

bellum cum Germanis gerere constituit,

id. ib. 4, 6:

Cn. Pompeius in extremis terris bellum gerebat,

Sall. C. 16, 5:

bellum quod Hannibale duce Carthaginienses cum populo Romano gessere,

Liv. 21, 1, 1:

alter consul in Sabinis bellum gessit,

id. 2, 62, 3:

de exercitibus per quos id bellum gereretur,

id. 23, 25, 5:

Chabrias bella in Aegypto sua sponte gessit,

Nep. Chabr, 2, 1.—Sometimes bellum administrare only of the commander, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 43; Nep. Chabr. 2, 1. —Also (very rare):

bellum bellare,

Liv. 8, 40, 1 (but belligerantes is absol., Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38; Ann. v. 201 Vahl.);

in the same sense: bellum agere,

Nep. Hann. 8, 3. —As a synonym:

bello persequi aliquem,

Nep. Con. 4, 1; cf. Liv. 3, 25, 3.—

Trahere or ducere bellum, to protract a war:

necesse est enim aut trahi id bellum, aut, etc.,

Cic. Att. 10, 8, 2:

bellum trahi non posse,

Sall. J. 23, 2:

belli trahendi causa,

Liv. 5, 11, 8:

morae qua trahebant bellum paenitebat,

id. 9, 27, 5:

suadere institui ut bellum duceret,

Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 2:

bellum enim ducetur,

id. ad Brut. 1, 18, 6; Nep. Alcib. 8, 1; id. Dat. 8, 4;

similarly: cum his molliter et per dilationes bellum geri oportet?

Liv. 5, 5, 1.—

Bellum repellere, defendere, or propulsare, to ward off, defend one ' s self against a war:

bellum Gallicum C. Caesare imperatore gestum est, antea tantummodo repulsum,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 13, 32:

quod bellum non intulerit sed defenderit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 44:

Samnitium vix a se ipsis eo tempore propulsantium bellum,

Liv. 8, 37, 5.—

Referring to the end of a war.

Bellum deponere, ponere, or omittere, to give up, discontinue a war:

in quo (i.e. bello) et gerendo et deponendo jus ut plurimum valeret lege sanximus,

Cic. Leg. 2, 14, 34:

(bellum) cum deponi victores velint,

Sall. J. 83, 1:

bellum decem ferme annis ante depositum erat,

Liv. 31, 1, 8:

nos depositum a vobis bellum et ipsi omisimus,

id. 31, 31, 19:

dicit posse condicionibus bellum poni,

Sall. J. 112, 1:

bellum grave cum Etruria positum est,

id. H. Fragm. 1, 9 Dietsch:

velut posito bello,

Liv. 1, 53, 5:

manere bellum quod positum simuletur,

id. 1, 53, 7:

posito ubique bello,

Tac. H. 2, 52; cf. Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 93; Verg. A. 1, 291:

omisso Romano bello Porsinna filium Arruntem Ariciam... mittit,

Liv. 2, 14, 5.—

Bellum componere, to end a war by agreement, make peace:

timerent ne bellum componeretur,

Cic. Fam. 10, 33, 3:

si bellum compositum foret,

Sall. J. 97, 2:

belli componendi licentiam,

id. ib. 103, 3; cf. Nep. Ham. 1, 5; id. Hann. 6, 2; id. Alcib. 8, 3; Verg. A. 12, 109;

similarly: bellum sedare,

Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—

Bellum conficere, perficere, finire, to finish, end a war; conficere (the most usual term) and perficere, = to finish a war by conquering; finire (rare), without implying success:

is bellum confecerit qui Antonium oppresserit,

Cic. Fam. 11, 12, 2:

bellumque maximum conficies,

id. Rep. 6, 11, 11:

confecto Mithridatico bello,

id. Prov. Cons. 11, 27; cf. id. Fam. 5, 10, 3; id. Imp. Pomp. 14, 42:

quo proelio... bellum Venetorum confectum est,

Caes. B. G. 3, 16; cf. id. ib. 1, 30; 1, 44; 1, 54; 3, 28;

4, 16: bello confecto de Rhodiis consultum est,

Sall. C. 51, 5; cf. id. J. 36, 1; 114, 3:

neminem nisi bello confecto pecuniam petiturum esse,

Liv. 24, 18, 11; cf. id. 21, 40, 11; 23, 6, 2; 31, 47, 4; 32, 32, 6;

36, 2, 3: bello perfecto,

Caes. B. C. 3, 18, 5; Liv. 1, 38, 3:

se quo die hostem vidisset perfecturum (i. e. bellum),

id. 22, 38, 7; 31, 4, 2; cf. id. 3, 24, 1; 34, 6, 12; Just. 5, 2, 11:

neque desiturum ante... quam finitum aliqua tolerabili condicione bellum videro,

Liv. 23, 12, 10: finito ex maxima parte.. [p. 228] italico bello, Vell. 2, 17, 1; Curt. 3, 1, 9; Tac. A. 15, 17; Just. 16, 2, 6; 24, 1, 8; Verg. A. 11, 116.—

Less usual connections:

bellum delere: non modo praesentia sed etiam futura bella delevit,

Cic. Lael. 3, 11; cf. Nep. Alcib. 8, 4:

alere ac fovere bellum,

Liv. 42, 11, 5:

bellum navare alicui,

Tac. H. 5, 25:

spargere,

id. A. 3, 21; id. Agr. 38; Luc. 2, 682:

serere,

Liv. 21, 10, 4:

circumferre,

Tac. A. 13, 37:

exercere,

id. ib. 6, 31:

quam celeriter belli impetus navigavit ( = quam celeriter navale bellum gestum est),

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 34; so Flor. 2, 2, 17:

bellum ascendit in rupes,

id. 4, 12, 4:

bellum serpit in proximos,

id. 2, 9, 4; cf. id. 2, 2, 15:

bella narrare,

Cic. Or. 9, 30:

canere bella,

Quint. 10, 1, 91:

bella legere,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28.—

As object denoting place or time.

Proficisci ad bellum, to depart for the war.

Of the commander:

consul sortitu ad bellum profectus,

Cic. Phil. 14, 2, 4; cf. id. Cat. 1, 13, 33:

ipse ad bellum Ambiorigis profectus,

Caes. B. G. 6, 29, 4:

ut duo ex tribunis ad bellum proficiscerentur,

Liv. 4, 45, 7; cf. id. 6, 2, 9: Nep. Alcib. 4, 1; Sall. H. 2, 96 Dietsch. —Post-class.:

in bellum,

Just. 2, 11, 9; Gell. 17, 9, 8.—

Of persons partaking in a war:

si proficiscerer ad bellum,

Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 1. —

Ad bellum mittere, of the commander, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50; 21, 62.—

In bella ruere, Verg. A. 7, 782; 9, 182:

in bella sequi,

id. ib. 8, 547.—

Of time.

In the locative case belli, in war, during war; generally with domi ( = domi militiaeque):

valete, judices justissimi, domi bellique duellatores,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 68; so,

domi duellique,

id. As. 3, 2, 13 (v. I. supra):

quibuscunque rebus vel belli vel domi poterunt rem publicam augeant,

Cic. Off. 2, 24, 85:

paucorum arbitrio belli domique agitabatur,

Sall. J. 41, 7:

animus belli ingens, domi modicus,

id. ib. 63, 2; Liv. 2, 50, 11; 1, 36, 6; so id. 3, 43, 1; cf.:

bello domique,

id. 1, 34, 12:

domi belloque,

id. 9, 26, 21; and:

neque bello, neque domi,

id. 4, 35, 3.—Without domi:

simul rem et gloriam armis belli repperi,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 60 (where belli may be taken with gloriam; cf.

Wagn. ad loc.): magnae res temporibus illis a fortissimis viris... belli gerebantur,

Cic. Rep. 2, 32, 86.—

In bello or in bellis, during war or wars, in the war, in the wars; with adj.:

ad haec quae in civili bello fecerit,

Cic. Phil. 2, 19, 47; cf. id. ib. 14, 8, 22:

in ipso bello eadem sensi,

id. Marcell. 5, 14:

in Volsco bello virtus enituit,

Liv. 2, 24, 8:

in eo bello,

id. 23, 46, 6:

in Punicis bellis, Plin.8, 14, 14, § 37: in bello Trojano,

id. 30, 1, 2, § 5.—Without adj.:

ut fit in bello, capitur alter filius,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 25:

qui in bello occiderunt,

Cic. Fam. 9, 5, 2:

quod in bello saepius vindicatum est in eos, etc.,

Sall. C. 9, 4:

non in bello solum, sed etiam in pace,

Liv. 1, 15, 8; 2, 23, 2:

in bello parta,

Quint. 5, 10, 42; 12, 1, 28.—

Abl. bello or bellis = in bello or in bellis (freq.); with adjj.: nos semper omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis amicitiam fidemque populi Romani secuti sumus. Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124:

bello Italico,

id. Pis. 36, 87:

Veienti bello,

id. Div. 1, 44, 100:

domestico bello,

id. Planc. 29, 70:

qui Volsco, Aurunco Sabinoque militassent bello,

Liv. 23, 12, 11:

victor tot intra paucos dies bellis,

id. 2, 27, 1:

nullo bello, multis tamen proeliis victus,

id. 9, 18, 9:

bello civili,

Quint. 11, 1, 36.—With gen.:

praesentiam saepe divi suam declarant, ut et apud Regillum bello Latinorum,

Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6:

suam felicitatem Helvetiorum bello esse perspectam,

Caes. B. G. 1, 40.—Without attrib.:

qui etiam bello victis regibus regna reddere consuevit,

Cic. Sest. 26, 57:

res pace belloque gestas,

Liv. 2, 1, 1:

egregieque rebus bello gestis,

id. 1, 33, 9; so id. 23, 12, 11:

ludi bello voti,

id. 4, 35. 3:

princeps pace belloque,

id. 7, 1, 9:

Cotyn bello juvisse Persea,

id. 45, 42, 7:

bello parta,

Quint. 5, 10, 15; cf. id. 7, 4, 22; Ov. M. 8, 19.—

Inter bellum (rare):

cujus originis morem necesse est... inter bellum natum esse,

Liv. 2, 14, 2:

inter haec bella consules... facti,

id. 2, 63, 1.—

Bellum in attributive connection.

Justum bellum.

A righteous war, Cic. Off. 1, 11, 36 (v. II. A. 2. a. th supra):

justum piumque bellum,

Liv. 1, 23, 4:

non loquor apud recusantem justa bella populum,

id. 7, 30, 17; so Ov. M. 8, 58; cf.: illa injusta sunt bella quae sine causa suscepta sunt, Cic. Rep. 3, 23, 35.—

A regular war (opp. a raid, etc.):

in fines Romanos excucurrerunt, populabundi magis quam justi more belli,

Liv. 1, 15, 1.—

For the different kinds of war: domesticum, civile, intestinum, externum, navale, maritimum, terra marique gestum, servile, sociale; v. hh. vv.—

Belli eventus or exitus, the result of a war:

quicunque belli eventus fuisset,

Cic. Marcell. 8, 24:

haud sane alio animo belli eventum exspectabant,

Sall. C. 37, 9:

eventus tamen belli minus miserabilem dimicationem fecit,

Liv. 1, 23, 2; cf. id. 7, 11, 1:

exitus hujus calamitosissimi belli,

Cic. Fam. 6, 21, 1:

cum esset incertus exitus et anceps fortuna belli,

id. Marcell. 5, 15; so id. Off. 2, 8,:

Britannici belli exitus exspectatur,

id. Att. 4, 16, 13:

cetera bella maximeque Veiens incerti exitus erant,

Liv. 5, 16, 8.—

Fortuna belli, the chances of war:

adeo varia fortuna belli ancepsque Mars fuit ut,

Liv. 21, 1, 2; cf. Cic. Marcell. 5, 15 (v. c. supra).—

Belli artes, military skill:

cuilibet superiorum regum belli pacisque et artibus et gloria par,

Liv. 1, 35, 1:

haud ignotas belli artes,

id. 21, 1, 2:

temperata et belli et pacis artibus erat civitas,

id. 1, 21, 6.—

Jus belli, the law of war: jura belli, the rights ( law) of war:

in re publica maxime servanda sunt jura belli,

Cic. Off. 1, 11, 34:

sunt et belli sicut pacis jura,

Liv. 5, 27, 6:

jure belli res vindicatur,

Gai. Inst. 3, 94.—

Belli duces praestantissimos, the most excellent captains, generals, Cic. Or. 1, 2, 7:

trium simul bellorum victor,

a victor in three wars, Liv. 6, 4, 1 (cf.:

victor tot bellis,

id. 2, 27, 1). —

Belli vulnera, Cic. Marcell. 8, 24.—

Transf.

Of things concr. and abstr.:

qui parietibus, qui tectis, qui columnis ac postibus meis... bellum intulistis,

Cic. Dom. 23, 60:

bellum contra aras et focos,

id. Phil. 3, 1, 1:

miror cur philosophiae... bellum indixeris,

id. Or. 2, 37, 155:

ventri Indico bellum,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 8.—

Of animals:

milvo est quoddam bellum quasi naturale cum corvo,

Cic. N. D. 2, 49, 125:

hanc Juno Esse jussit gruem, populisque suis indicere bellum,

Ov. M. 6, 92.—

With individuals:

quid mihi opu'st... cum eis gerere bellum, etc.,

Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 14:

nihil turpius quam cum eo bellum gerere quicum familiariter vixeris,

Cic. Lael. 21, 77:

cum mihi uni cum improbis aeternum videam bellum susceptum,

id. Sull. 9, 28:

hoc tibi juventus Romana indicimus bellum,

Liv. 2, 12, 11:

falsum testem justo ac pio bello persequebatur,

id. 3, 25, 3:

tribunicium domi bellum patres territat,

id. 3, 24, 1; cf. Plin. Ep. 1, 2, 57.—Ironically:

equus Trojanus qui tot invictos viros muliebre bellum gerentes tulerit ac texerit,

Cic. Cael. 28, 67.—

In mal. part., Hor. C. 3, 26, 3; 4, 1, 2.—

Personified as god of war ( = Janus):

tabulas duas quae Belli faciem pictam habent,

Plin. 35, 4, 10, § 27:

sunt geminae Belli portae, etc.,

Verg. A. 7, 607:

mortiferumque averso in limine Bellum,

id. ib. 6, 279.—

Plur.: bella, army ( poet.):

permanet Aonius Nereus violentus in undis, Bellaque non transfert (i.e. Graecorum exercitum),

Ov. M. 12, 24:

sed victae fera bella deae vexere per aequora,

Sil. 7, 472:

quid faciat bellis obsessus et undis?

Stat. Th. 9, 490.—

Battle, = proelium:

rorarii dicti a rore: qui bellum committebant ante,

Varr. L. L. 7, 3, 92:

quod in bello saepius vindicatum in eos qui... tardius, revocati, bello excesserant,

Sall. C. 9, 4:

praecipua laus ejus belli penes consules fuit,

Liv. 8, 10, 7:

commisso statim bello,

Front. Strat. 1, 11, 2:

Actia bella,

Verg. A. 8, 675:

ingentem pugnam, ceu cetera nusquam Bella forent,

id. ib. 2, 439; cf. Flor. 3, 5, 11; Just. 2, 12; 18, 1 fin.; 24, 8; Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 98 (form duellum); Ov. H. 1, 1, 69; Verg. A. 8, 547; 12, 390; 12, 633; Stat. Th. 3, 666. —

Bellum = liber de bello:

quam gaudebat Bello suo Punico Naevius!

Cic. Sen. 14, 50.

ăb, ā, abs, prep. with abl. This IndoEuropean particle (Sanscr. apa or ava, Etr. av, Gr. upo, Goth. af, Old Germ. aba, New Germ. ab, Engl. of, off) has in Latin the following forms: ap, af, ab (av), au-, a, a; aps, abs, as-. The existence of the oldest form, ap, is proved by the oldest and best MSS. analogous to the prep. apud, the Sanscr. api, and Gr. epi, and by the weakened form af, which, by the rule of historical grammar and the nature of the Latin letter f, can be derived only from ap, not from ab. The form af, weakened from ap, also very soon became obsolete. There are but five examples of it in inscriptions, at the end of the sixth and in the course of the seventh century B. C., viz.:

AF VOBEIS,

Inscr. Orell. 3114;

AF MVRO,

ib. 6601;

AF CAPVA,

ib. 3308;

AF SOLO,

ib. 589;

AF LYCO,

ib. 3036 ( afuolunt =avolant, Paul. ex Fest. p. 26 Mull., is only a conjecture). In the time of Cicero this form was regarded as archaic, and only here and there used in account-books; v. Cic. Or. 47, 158 (where the correct reading is af, not abs or ab), and cf. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 7 sq.—The second form of this preposition, changed from ap, was ab, which has become the principal form and the one most generally used through all periods—and indeed the only oue used before all vowels and h; here and there also before some consonants, particularly l, n, r, and s; rarely before c, j, d, t; and almost never before the labials p, b, f, v, or before m, such examples as ab Massiliensibus, Caes. B. C. 1, 35, being of the most rare occurrence.—By changing the b of ab through v into u, the form au originated, which was in use only in the two compounds aufero and aufugio for abfero, ab-fugio; aufuisse for afuisse, in Cod. Medic. of Tac. A. 12, 17, is altogether unusual. Finally, by dropping the b of ab, and lengthening the a, ab was changed into a, which form, together with ab, predominated through all periods of the Latin language, and took its place before all consonants in the later years of Cicero, and after him almoet exclusively.—By dropping the b without lengthening the a, ab occurs in the form a- in the two compounds a-bio and a-perio, q. v.—On the other hand, instead of reducing ap to a and a, a strengthened collateral form, aps, was made by adding to ap the letter s (also used in particles, as in ex, mox, vix). From the first, aps was used only before the letters c, q, t, and was very soon changed into abs (as ap into ab):

abs chorago,

Plaut. Pers. 1, 3, 79 (159 Ritschl):

abs quivis,

Ter. Ad. 2, 3, 1:

abs terra,

Cato, R. R. 51;

and in compounds: aps-cessero,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 1, 24 (625 R.); id. ib. 3, 2, 84 (710 R): abs-condo, abs-que, abs-tineo, etc. The use of abs was confined almost exclusively to the combination abs te during the whole ante-classic period, and with Cicero till about the year 700 A. U. C. (=B. C. 54). After that time Cicero evidently hesitates between abs te and a te, but during the last five or six years of his life a te became predominant in all his writings, even in his letters; consequently abs te appears but rarely in later authors, as in Liv. 10, 19, 8; 26, 15, 12;

and who, perhaps, also used abs conscendentibus,

id. 28, 37, 2; v. Drakenb. ad. h. l. (Weissenb. ab).—Finally abs, in consequence of the following p, lost its b, and became ds- in the three compounds aspello, as-porto, and as-pernor (for asspernor); v. these words.—The late Lat. verb abbrevio may stand for adbrevio, the d of ad being assimilated to the following b.The fundamental signification of ab is departure from some fixed point (opp. to ad. which denotes motion to a point).

In space, and,

Fig., in time and other relations, in which the idea of departure from some point, as from source and origin, is included; Engl. from, away from, out of; down from; since, after; by, at, in, on, etc.

Lit., in space: ab classe ad urbem tendunt, Att. ap. Non. 495, 22 (Trag. Rel. p. 177 Rib.):

Caesar maturat ab urbe proficisci,

Caes. B. G. 1, 7:

fuga ab urbe turpissima,

Cic. Att. 7, 21:

ducite ab urbe domum, ducite Daphnim,

Verg. E. 8, 68. Cicero himself gives the difference between ab and ex thus: si qui mihi praesto fuerit cum armatis hominibus extra meum fundum et me introire prohibuerit, non ex eo, sed ab ( from, away from) eo loco me dejecerit....Unde dejecti Galli? A Capitolio. Unde, qui cum Graccho fucrunt? Ex Capitolio, etc., Cic. Caecin. 30, 87; cf. Diom. p. 408 P., and a similar distinction between ad and in under ad.—Ellipt.: Diogenes Alexandro roganti, ut diceret, si quid opus esset: Nunc quidem paululum, inquit, a sole, a little out of the sun, Cic. Tusc. 5, 32, 92. —Often joined with usque:

illam (mulierem) usque a mari supero Romam proficisci,

all the way from, Cic. Clu. 68, 192; v. usque, I.—And with ad, to denote the space passed over: siderum genus ab ortu ad occasum commeant, from... to, Cic. N. D. 2, 19 init.; cf. ab... in:

venti a laevo latere in dextrum, ut sol, ambiunt,

Plin. 2, 47, 48, § 128.

Sometimes with names of cities and small islands, or with domus (instead of the usual abl.), partie., in militnry and nautieal language, to denote the marching of soldiers, the setting out of a flcet, or the departure of the inhabitants from some place:

oppidum ab Aenea fugiente a Troja conditum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 33:

quemadmodum (Caesar) a Gergovia discederet,

Caes. B. G. 7, 43 fin.; so id. ib. 7, 80 fin.; Sall. J. 61; 82; 91; Liv. 2, 33, 6 al.; cf.:

ab Arimino M. Antonium cum cohortibus quinque Arretium mittit,

Caes. B. C. 1, 11 fin.; and:

protinus a Corfinio in Siciliam miserat,

id. ib. 1, 25, 2:

profecti a domo,

Liv. 40, 33, 2;

of setting sail: cum exercitus vestri numquam a Brundisio nisi hieme summa transmiserint,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 32; so id. Fam. 15, 3, 2; Caes. B. C. 3, 23; 3, 24 fin.:

classe qua advecti ab domo fuerant,

Liv. 8, 22, 6;

of citizens: interim ab Roma legatos venisse nuntiatum est,

Liv. 21, 9, 3; cf.:

legati ab Orico ad M. Valerium praetorem venerunt,

id. 24, 40, 2.

Sometimes with names of persons or with pronouns: pestem abige a me, Enn. ap. Cic. Ac. 2, 28, 89 (Trag. v. 50 Vahl.):

Quasi ad adulescentem a patre ex Seleucia veniat,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 41; cf.:

libertus a Fuflis cum litteris ad Hermippum venit,

Cic. Fl. 20, 47:

Nigidium a Domitio Capuam venisse,

id. Att. 7, 24:

cum a vobis discessero,

id. Sen. 22:

multa merces tibi defluat ab Jove Neptunoque,

Hor. C. 1, 28, 29 al. So often of a person instead of his house, lodging, etc.: videat forte hic te a patre aliquis exiens, from the father, i. e. from his house, Ter. Heaut. 2, 2, 6:

so a fratre,

id. Phorm. 5, 1, 5:

a Pontio,

Cic. Att. 5, 3 fin.:

ab ea,

Ter. And. 1, 3, 21; and so often: a me, a nobis, a se, etc., from my, our, his house, etc., Plaut. Stich. 5, 1, 7; Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 50; Cic. Att. 4, 9, 1 al.

Transf., without the idea of motion. To designate separation or distance, with the verbs abesse, distare, etc., and with the particles longe, procul, prope, etc.

Of separation:

ego te afuisse tam diu a nobis dolui,

Cic. Fam. 2, 1, 2:

abesse a domo paulisper maluit,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 18, § 39:

tum Brutus ab Roma aberat,

Sall. C. 40, 5:

absint lacerti ab stabulis,

Verg. G. 4, 14.—

Of distance:

quot milia fundus suus abesset ab urbe,

Cic. Caecin. 10, 28; cf.:

nos in castra properabamus, quae aberant bidui,

id. Att. 5, 16 fin.; and:

hic locus aequo fere spatio ab castris Ariovisti et Caesaris aberat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 43, 1:

terrae ab hujusce terrae, quam nos incolimus, continuatione distantes,

Cic. N. D. 2, 66, 164:

non amplius pedum milibus duobus ab castris castra distabant,

Caes. B. C. 1, 82, 3; cf. id. lb. 1, 3, 103.—With adverbs: annos multos longinque ab domo bellum gerentes, Enn. ap. Non. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 103 Vahl.):

cum domus patris a foro longe abesset,

Cic. Cael. 7, 18 fin.; cf.:

qui fontes a quibusdam praesidiis aberant longius,

Caes. B. C. 3, 49, 5:

quae procul erant a conspectu imperii,

Cic. Agr. 2, 32, 87; cf.:

procul a castris hostes in collibus constiterunt,

Caes. B. G. 5, 17, 1; and:

tu procul a patria Alpinas nives vides,

Verg. E. 10, 46 (procul often also with simple abl.;

v. procul): cum esset in Italia bellum tam prope a Sicilia, tamen in Sicilia non fuit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 6; cf.:

tu apud socrum tuam prope a meis aedibus sedebas,

id. Pis. 11, 26; and:

tam prope ab domo detineri,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 3, § 6.—So in Caesar and Livy, with numerals to designate the measure of the distance:

onerariae naves, quae ex eo loco ab milibus passuum octo vento tenebatur,

eight miles distant, Caes. B. G. 4, 22, 4; and without mentioning the terminus a quo: ad castra contenderunt, et ab milibus passunm minus duobus castra posuerunt, less than two miles off or distant, id. ib. 2, 7, 3; so id. ib. 2, 5, 32; 6, 7, 3; id. B. C. 1, 65; Liv. 38, 20, 2 (for which:

duo milia fere et quingentos passus ab hoste posuerunt castra,

id. 37, 38, 5). —

To denote the side or direction from which an object is viewed in its local relations,=a parte, at, on, in: utrum hacin feriam an ab laeva latus? Enn. ap. Plaut. Cist. 3, 10 (Trag. v. 38 Vahl.); cf.:

picus et cornix ab laeva, corvos, parra ab dextera consuadent,

Plaut. As. 2, 1, 12: clamore ab ea parte audito. on this side, Caes. B. G. 3, 26, 4: Gallia Celtica attingit ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum, on the side of the Sequani, i. e. their country, id. ib. 1, 1, 5:

pleraque Alpium ab Italia sicut breviora ita arrectiora sunt,

on the Italian side, Liv. 21, 35, 11:

non eadem diligentia ab decumuna porta castra munita,

at the main entrance, Caes. B. G. 3, 25 fin.:

erat a septentrionibus collis,

on the north, id. ib. 7, 83, 2; so, ab oriente, a meridie, ab occasu; a fronte, a latere, a tergo, etc. (v. these words).

Fig.

In time.

From a [p. 3] point of time, without reference to the period subsequently elapsed. After:

Exul ab octava Marius bibit,

Juv. 1,40:

mulieres jam ab re divin[adot ] adparebunt domi,

immediately after the sucrifice, Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 4:

Caesar ab decimae legionis cohortatione ad dextrum cornu profectus,

Caes. B. G. 2, 25, 1:

ab hac contione legati missi sunt,

immediately after, Liv. 24, 22, 6; cf. id. 28, 33, 1; 40, 47, 8; 40, 49, 1 al.:

ab eo magistratu,

after this office, Sall. J. 63, 5:

a summa spe novissima exspectabat,

after the greatest hope, Tac. A. 6, 50 fin. —Strengthened by the adverbs primum, confestim, statim, protinus, or the adj. recens, immediately after, soon after:

ut primum a tuo digressu Romam veni,

Cic. Att. 1, 5, 4; so Suet. Tib. 68:

confestim a proelio expugnatis hostium castris,

Liv. 30, 36, 1:

statim a funere,

Suet. Caes. 85;

and followed by statim: ab itinere statim,

id. ib. 60:

protinus ab adoptione,

Vell. 2, 104, 3:

Homerus qui recens ab illorum actate fuit,

soon after their time, Cic. N. D. 3, 5; so Varr. R. R. 2, 8, 2; Verg. A. 6, 450 al. (v. also primum, confestim, etc.).—

Sometimes with the name of a person or place, instead of an action: ibi mihi tuae litterae binae redditae sunt tertio abs te die,

i. e. after their departure from you, Cic. Att. 5, 3, 1: in Italiam perventum est quinto mense a Carthagine Nov[adot ], i. e. after leaving (=postquam a Carthagine profecti sunt), Liv. 21, 38, 1:

secundo Punico (bello) Scipionis classis XL. die a securi navigavit,

i. e. after its having been built, Plin. 16, 39, 74, § 192. —Hence the poct. expression: ab his, after this (cf. ek toutôn), i. e. after these words, hereupon, Ov. M. 3, 273; 4, 329; 8, 612; 9, 764.

With reference to a subsequent period. From, since, after:

ab hora tertia bibebatur,

from the third hour, Cic. Phil. 2, 41:

infinito ex tempore, non ut antea, ab Sulla et Pompeio consulibus,

since the consulship of, id. Agr. 2, 21, 56:

vixit ab omni aeternitate,

from all eternity, id. Div. 1, 51, 115:

cum quo a condiscipulatu vivebat conjunctissime,

Nep. Att. 5, 3:

in Lycia semper a terrae motu XL. dies serenos esse,

after an earthquake, Plin. 2, 96, 98, § 211 al.:

centesima lux est haec ab interitu P. Clodii,

since the death of, Cic. Mil. 35, 98; cf.:

cujus a morte quintus hic et tricesimus annus est,

id. Sen. 6, 19; and:

ab incenso Capitolio illum esse vigesumiun annum,

since, Sall. C. 47, 2:

diebus triginta, a qua die materia caesa est,

Caes. B. C. 1, 36.—Sometimes joined with usque and inde:

quod augures omnes usque ab Romulo decreverunt,

since the time of, Cic. Vat. 8, 20:

jam inde ab infelici pugna ceciderant animi,

from the very beginning of, Liv. 2, 65 fin. —Hence the adverbial expressions ab initio, a principio, a primo, at, in, or from the beginning, at first; v. initium, principium, primus. Likewise ab integro, anew, afresh; v. integer.—Ab... ad, from (a time)... to:

ab hora octava ad vesperum secreto collocuti sumus,

Cic. Att. 7, 8, 4; cf.:

cum ab hora septima ad vesperum pugnatum sit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 26, 2; and:

a quo tempore ad vos consules anni sunt septingenti octoginta unus,

Vell. 1, 8, 4; and so in Plautus strengthened by usque:

pugnata pugnast usque a mane ad vesperum,

from morning to evening, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 97; id. Most. 3, 1, 3; 3, 2, 80.—Rarely ab... in: Romani ab sole orto in multum diei stetere in acie, from... till late in the day, Liv. 27, 2, 9; so Col. 2, 10, 17; Plin. 2, 31, 31, § 99; 2, 103, 106, § 229; 4, 12, 26, § 89.

Particularly with nouns denoting a time of life:

qui homo cum animo inde ab ineunte aetate depugnat suo,

from an early age, from early youth, Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 24; so Cic. Off. 2, 13, 44 al.:

mihi magna cum co jam inde a pueritia fuit semper famillaritas,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 9; so,

a pueritia,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 11, 27 fin.; id. Fam. 5, 8, 4:

jam inde ab adulescentia,

Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 16:

ab adulescentia,

Cic. Rep. 2, 1:

jam a prima adulescentia,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 23:

ab ineunte adulescentia,

id. ib. 13, 21, 1; cf.

followed by ad: usque ad hanc aetatem ab incunte adulescentia,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 20:

a primis temporibus aetatis,

Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 3:

a teneris unguiculis,

from childhood, id. ib. 1, 6, 2:

usque a toga pura,

id. Att. 7, 8, 5:

jam inde ab incunabulis,

Liv. 4, 36, 5:

a prima lanugine,

Suet. Oth. 12:

viridi ab aevo,

Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 17 al.;

rarely of animals: ab infantia,

Plin. 10, 63, 83, § 182.—Instead of the nom. abstr. very often (like the Greek ek paioôn, etc.) with concrete substantives: a pucro, ab adulescente, a parvis, etc., from childhood, etc.:

qui olim a puero parvulo mihi paedagogus fuerat,

Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 90; so,

a pausillo puero,

id. Stich. 1, 3, 21:

a puero,

Cic. Ac. 2, 36, 115; id. Fam. 13, 16, 4 (twice) al.:

a pueris,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 24, 57; id. de Or. 1, 1, 2 al.:

ab adulescente,

id. Quint. 3, 12:

ab infante,

Col. 1, 8, 2:

a parva virgine,

Cat. 66, 26 al. —Likewise and in the same sense with adject.: a parvo, from a little child, or childhood, Liv. 1, 39, 6 fin.; cf.:

a parvis,

Ter. And. 3, 3, 7; Cic. Leg. 2, 4, 9:

a parvulo,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 8; id. Ad. 1, 1, 23; cf.:

ab parvulis,

Caes. B. G. 6, 21, 3:

ab tenero,

Col. 5, 6, 20;

and rarely of animals: (vacca) a bima aut trima fructum ferre incipit,

Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 13.

In other relations in which the idea of going forth, proceeding, from something is included.

In gen. to denote departure, separation, deterring, avoiding, intermitting, etc., or distance, difference, etc., of inanimate or abstract things. From: jus atque aecum se a malis spernit procul, Enn. ap. Non. 399, 10 (Trag. v. 224 Vahl.):

suspitionem et culpam ut ab se segregent,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 42:

qui discessum animi a corpore putent esse mortem,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 18:

hic ab artificio suo non recessit,

id. ib. 1, 10, 20 al.:

quod si exquiratur usque ab stirpe auctoritas,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 180:

condicionem quam ab te peto,

id. ib. 2, 4, 87; cf.:

mercedem gloriae flagitas ab iis, quorum, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 15, 34:

si quid ab illo acceperis,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 90:

quae (i. e. antiquitas) quo propius aberat ab ortu et divina progenie,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 12, 26:

ab defensione desistere,

Caes. B. C. 2, 12, 4:

ne quod tempus ab opere intermitteretur,

id. B. G. 7, 24, 2:

ut homines adulescentis a dicendi studio deterream,

Cic. de Or. 1, 25, 117, etc.—Of distance (in order, rank, mind, or feeling):

qui quartus ab Arcesila fuit,

the fourth in succession from, Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 46:

tu nunc eris alter ab illo,

next after him, Verg. E. 5, 49; cf.:

Aiax, heros ab Achille secundus,

next in rank to, Hor. S. 2, 3, 193:

quid hoc ab illo differt,

from, Cic. Caecin. 14, 39; cf.:

hominum vita tantum distat a victu et cultu bestiarum,

id. Off. 2, 4, 15; and:

discrepare ab aequitate sapientiam,

id. Rep. 3, 9 fin. (v. the verbs differo, disto, discrepo, dissideo, dissentio, etc.):

quae non aliena esse ducerem a dignitate,

Cic. Fam. 4, 7:

alieno a te animo fuit,

id. Deiot. 9, 24 (v. alienus). —So the expression ab re (qs. aside from the matter, profit; cf. the opposite, in rem), contrary to one's profit, to a loss, disadvantageous (so in the affirmative very rare and only ante-class.):

subdole ab re consulit,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 12; cf. id. Capt. 2, 2, 88; more frequently and class. (but not with Cicero) in the negative, non, haud, ab re, not without advantage or profit, not useless or unprofitable, adcantageous:

haut est ab re aucupis,

Plaut. As. 1, 3, 71:

non ab re esse Quinctii visum est,

Liv. 35, 32, 6; so Plin. 27, 8, 35; 31, 3, 26; Suet. Aug. 94; id. Dom. 11; Gell. 18, 14 fin.; App. Dogm. Plat. 3, p. 31, 22 al. (but in Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 44, ab re means with respect to the money matter).

In partic.

To denote an agent from whom an action proceeds, or by whom a thing is done or takes place. By, and in archaic and solemn style, of. So most frequently with pass. or intrans. verbs with pass. signif., when the active object is or is considered as a living being: Laudari me abs te, a laudato viro, Naev. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 31, 67: injuria abs te afficior, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 24, 38:

a patre deductus ad Scaevolam,

Cic. Lael. 1, 1:

ut tamquam a praesentibus coram haberi sermo videretur,

id. ib. 1, 3:

disputata ab eo,

id. ib. 1, 4 al.:

illa (i. e. numerorum ac vocum vis) maxime a Graecia vetere celebrata,

id. de Or. 3, 51, 197:

ita generati a natura sumus,

id. Off. 1, 29, 103; cf.:

pars mundi damnata a rerum natura,

Plin. 4, 12, 26, § 88:

niagna adhibita cura est a providentia deorum,

Cic. N. D. 2, 51 al. —With intrans. verbs:

quae (i. e. anima) calescit ab eo spiritu,

is warmed by this breath, Cic. N. D. 2, 55, 138; cf. Ov. M. 1, 417: (mare) qua a sole collucet, Cic. Ac. 2, 105:

salvebis a meo Cicerone,

i. e. young Cicero sends his compliments to you, id. Att. 6, 2 fin.:

a quibus (Atheniensibus) erat profectus,

i. e. by whose command, Nep. Milt. 2, 3:

ne vir ab hoste cadat,

Ov. H. 9, 36 al. —A substantive or adjective often takes the place of the verb (so with de, q. v.):

levior est plaga ab amico quam a debitore,

Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 7; cf.:

a bestiis ictus, morsus, impetus,

id. Off. 2, 6, 19:

si calor est a sole,

id. N. D. 2, 52:

ex iis a te verbis (for a te scriptis),

id. Att. 16, 7, 5:

metu poenae a Romanis,

Liv. 32, 23, 9:

bellum ingens a Volscis et Aequis,

id. 3, 22, 2:

ad exsolvendam fldem a consule,

id. 27, 5, 6.—With an adj.:

lassus ab equo indomito,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 10:

Murus ab ingenic notior ille tuo,

Prop. 5, 1, 126:

tempus a nostris triste malis,

time made sad by our misfortunes, Ov. Tr. 4, 3, 36.—Different from per:

vulgo occidebantur: per quos et a quibus?

by whom and upon whose orders? Cic. Rosc. Am. 29, 80 (cf. id. ib. 34, 97: cujus consilio occisus sit, invenio; cujus manu sit percussus, non laboro); so,

ab hoc destitutus per Thrasybulum (i. e. Thrasybulo auctore),

Nep. Alc. 5, 4.—Ambiguity sometimes arises from the fact that the verb in the pass. would require ab if used in the active:

si postulatur a populo,

if the people demand it, Cic. Off. 2, 17, 58, might also mean, if it is required of the people; on the contrary: quod ab eo (Lucullo) laus imperatoria non admodum exspectabatur, not since he did not expect military renown, but since they did not expect military renown from him, Cic. Ac. 2, 1, 2, and so often; cf. Rudd. II. p. 213. (The use of the active dative, or dative of the agent, instead of ab with the pass., is well known, Zumpt, § 419. It is very seldom found in prose writers of the golden age of Roman liter.; with Cic. sometimes joined with the participles auditus, cognitus, constitutus, perspectus, provisus, susceptus; cf. Halm ad Cic. Imp. Pomp. 24, 71, and ad ejusdem, Cat. 1, 7 fin.; but freq. at a later period; e. g. in Pliny, in Books 2-4 of H. N., more than twenty times; and likewise in Tacitus seventeen times. Vid. the passages in Nipperd. ad Tac. A. 2, 49.) Far more unusual is the simple abl. in the designation of persons:

deseror conjuge,

Ov. H. 12, 161; so id. ib. 5, 75; id. M. 1, 747; Verg. A. 1, 274; Hor. C. 2, 4, 9; 1, 6, 2;

and in prose,

Quint. 3, 4, 2; Sen. Contr. 2, 1; Curt. 6, 7, 8; cf. Rudd. II. p. 212; Zumpt ad Quint. V. p. 122 Spalding.—Hence the adverbial phrase a se=uph heautou, sua sponte, of one's own uccord, spontaneously:

ipsum a se oritur et sua sponte nascitur,

Cic. Fin. 2, 24, 78:

(urna) ab se cantat quoja sit,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 5, 21 (al. eapse; cf. id. Men. 1, 2, 66); so Col. 11, 1, 5; Liv. 44, 33, 6.

With names of towns to denote origin, extraction, instead of gentile adjectives. From, of:

pastores a Pergamide,

Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 1:

Turnus ab Aricia,

Liv. 1, 50, 3 (for which Aricinus, id. 1, 51, 1):

obsides dant trecentos principum a Cora atque Pometia liberos,

Liv. 2, 22, 2; and poet.: O longa mundi servator ab Alba, Auguste, thou who art descended from the old Alban race of kings (=oriundus, or ortus regibus Albanis), Prop. 5, 6, 37.

In giving the etymology of a name: eam rem (sc. legem, Gr. nomon) illi Graeco putant nomine a suum cuique tribuendo appellatam, ego nostro a legendo, Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 19: annum intervallum regni fuit: id ab re... interregnum appellatum, Liv. 1, 17, 6:

(sinus maris) ab nomine propinquae urbis Ambracius appellatus,

id. 38, 4, 3; and so Varro in his Ling. Lat., and Pliny, in Books 1-5 of H. N., on almost every page. (Cf. also the arts. ex and de.)

With verbs of beginning and repeating: a summo bibere, in Plaut. to drink in succession from the one at the head of the table:

da, puere, ab summo,

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; so,

da ab Delphio cantharum circum, id Most. 1, 4, 33: ab eo nobis causa ordienda est potissimum,

Cic. Leg. 1, 7, 21:

coepere a fame mala,

Liv. 4, 12, 7:

cornicem a cauda de ovo exire,

tail-foremost, Plin. 10, 16, 18:

a capite repetis, quod quaerimus,

Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 18 al.

With verbs of freeing from, defending, or protecting against any thing:

a foliis et stercore purgato,

Cato, R. R. 65 (66), 1:

tantumne ab re tuast oti tibi?

Ter. Heaut. 1, [p. 4] 1, 23; cf.:

Saguntini ut a proeliis quietem habuerant,

Liv. 21, 11, 5:

expiandum forum ab illis nefarii sceleris vestigiis,

Cic. Rab. Perd. 4, 11:

haec provincia non modo a calamitate, sed etiam a metu calamitatis est defendenda,

id. Imp. Pomp. 6, 14 (v. defendo):

ab incendio urbem vigiliis munitam intellegebat,

Sall. C. 32:

ut neque sustinere se a lapsu possent,

Liv. 21, 35, 12:

ut meam domum metueret atque a me ipso caveret,

Cic. Sest. 64, 133.

With verbs of expecting, fearing, hoping, and the like, ab =a parte, as, Cic. Att. 9, 7, 4: cum eadem metuam ab hac parte, since I fear the same from this side; hence, timere, metuere ab aliquo, not, to be afraid of any one, but, to fear something (proceeding from) from him:

el metul a Chryside,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 79; cf.:

ab Hannibale metuens,

Liv. 23, 36; and:

metus a praetore,

id. 23, 15, 7;

v. Weissenb. ad h. l.: a quo quidem genere, judices, ego numquam timui,

Cic. Sull. 20, 59:

postquam nec ab Romanis robis ulla est spes,

you can expect nothing from the Romans, Liv. 21, 13, 4.

With verbs of fastening and holding:

funiculus a puppi religatus,

Cic. Inv. 2, 51, 154:

cum sinistra capillum ejus a vertice teneret,

Q. Cic. Pet. Cons. 3.

Ulcisci se ab aliquo, to take vengeance on one:

a ferro sanguis humanus se ulciscitur,

Plin. 34, 14, 41 fin.

Cognoscere ab aliqua re to knoio or learn by means of something (different from ab aliquo, to learn from some one):

id se a Gallicis armis atque insignibus cognovisse,

Caes. B. G. 1, 22.

Dolere, laborare, valere ab, instead of the simple abl.:

doleo ab animo, doleo ab oculis, doleo ab aegritudine,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 62:

a morbo valui, ab animo aeger fui,

id. Ep. 1, 2, 26; cf. id. Aul. 2, 2, 9:

a frigore et aestu ne quid laborent,

Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 17; so,

a frigore laborantibus,

Plin. 32, 10, 46, § 133; cf.:

laborare ab re frumentaria,

Caes. B. G. 7, 10, 1; id. B. C. 3, 9; v. laboro.

Where verbs and adjectives are joined with ab, instead of the simple abl., ab defines more exactly the respect in which that which is expressed by the verb or adj. is to be understood, in relation to, with regard to, in respect to, on the part of:

ab ingenio improbus,

Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 59:

a me pudica'st,

id. Curc. 1, 1, 51:

orba ab optimatibus contio,

Cic. Fl. 23, 54; ro Ov. H. 6,156: securos vos ab hac parte reddemus, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24 fin. (v. securus):

locus copiosus a frumento,

Cic. Att. 5, 18, 2; cf.:

sumus imparati cum a militibas tum a pecunia,

id. ib. 7, 15 fin.:

ille Graecus ab omni laude felicior,

id. Brut. 16, 63:

ab una parte haud satis prosperuin,

Liv. 1, 32, 2 al.;

so often in poets ab arte=arte,

artfully, Tib. 1, 5, 4; 1, 9, 66; Ov. Am. 2, 4, 30.

In the statement of the motive instead of ex, propter, or the simple abl. causae, from, out of, on account of, in consequence of: ab singulari amore scribo, Balb. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 7, B fin.:

linguam ab irrisu exserentem,

thrusting out the tongue in derision, Liv. 7, 10, 5:

ab honore,

id. 1, 8; so, ab ira, a spe, ab odio, v. Drak. ad Liv. 24, 30, 1: 26, 1, 3; cf. also Kritz and Fabri ad Sall. J. 31, 3, and Fabri ad Liv. 21, 36, 7.

Especially in the poets instead of the gen.:

ab illo injuria,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 129:

fulgor ab auro,

Lucr. 2, 5:

dulces a fontibus undae,

Verg. G. 2, 243.

In indicating a part of the whole, for the more usual ex, of, out of:

scuto ab novissimis uni militi detracto,

Caes. B. G. 2, 25, 1:

nonnuill ab novissimis,

id. ib.; Cic. Sest. 65, 137; cf. id. ib. 59 fin.: a quibus (captivis) ad Senatum missus (Regulus).

In marking that from which any thing proceeds, and to which it belongs:

qui sunt ab ea disciplina,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 3, 7:

ab eo qui sunt,

id. Fin. 4, 3, 7:

nostri illi a Platone et Aristotele aiunt,

id. Mur. 30, 63 (in imitation of oi upo tinos).

To designate an office or dignity (with or without servus; so not freq. till after the Aug. period;

in Cic. only once): Pollex, servus a pedibus meus,

one of my couriers, Cic. Att. 8, 5, 1; so,

a manu servus,

a secretary, Suet. Caes. 74: Narcissum ab eplstulis ( secretary) et Pallantem a rationibus ( accountant), id. Claud. 28; and so, ab actis, ab admissione, ab aegris, ab apotheca, ab argento, a balneis, a bibliotheca, a codicillis, a jumentis, a potione, etc. (v. these words and Inscr. Orell. vol. 3, Ind. xi. p. 181 sq.).

The use of ab before adverbs is for the most part peculiar to later Latinity:

a peregre,

Vitr. 5, 7 (6), 8:

a foris,

Plin. 17, 24, 37; Vulg. Gen, 7, 16; ib. Matt. 23, 27:

ab intus,

ib. ib. 7, 15:

ab invicem,

App. Herb. 112; Vulg. Matt. 25, 32; Cypr. Ep. 63, 9: Hier. Ep. 18:

a longe,

Hyg. Fab. 257; Vulg. Gen. 22, 4; ib. Matt. 26, 58:

a modo,

ib. ib. 23, 39;

Hier. Vit. Hilar.: a nune,

Vulg. Luc. 1, 48:

a sursum,

ib. Marc. 15, 38.

Ab is not repeated like most other prepositions (v. ad, ex, in, etc.) with pron. interrog. or relat. after subst. and pron. demonstr. with ab:

Arsinoen, Stratum, Naupactum...fateris ab hostibus esse captas. Quibus autem hostibus? Nempe iis, quos, etc.,

Cic. Pis. 37, 91:

a rebus gerendis senectus abstrahit. Quibus? An iis, quae in juventute geruntur et viribus?

id. Sen. 6:

a Jove incipiendum putat. Quo Jove?

id. Rep. 1, 36, 56:

res publica, quascumque vires habebit, ab iis ipsis, quibus tenetur, de te propediem impetrabit,

id. Fam. 4, 13, 5.—

Ab in Plantus is once put after the word which it governs: quo ab, As. 1, 1, 106.—

It is in various ways separated from the word which it governs:

a vitae periculo,

Cic. Brut. 91, 313:

a nullius umquam me tempore aut commodo,

id. Arch. 6, 12:

a minus bono,

Sall. C. 2, 6:

a satis miti principio,

Liv. 1, 6, 4:

damnis dives ab ipsa suis,

Ov. H. 9, 96; so id. ib. 12, 18; 13, 116.—

The poets join a and que, making aque; but in good prose que is annexed to the following abl. (a meque, abs teque, etc.):

aque Chao,

Verg. G. 4, 347:

aque mero,

Ov. M. 3, 631:

aque viro,

id. H. 6, 156:

aque suis,

id. Tr. 5, 2, 74 al. But:

a meque,

Cic. Fam. 2, 16, 1:

abs teque,

id. Att. 3, 15, 4:

a teque,

id. ib. 8, 11, §

7: a primaque adulescentia,

id. Brut. 91, 315 al. —

A Greek noun joined with ab stands in the dat.: a parte negotiati, hoc est pragmatikê, removisse, Quint. 3, 7, 1.

In composition ab,

Retains its original signif.: abducere, to take or carry away from some place: abstrahere, to draw auay; also, downward: abicere, to throw down; and denoting a departure from the idea of the simple word, it has an effect apparently privative: absimilis, departing from the similar, unlike: abnormis, departing from the rule, unusual (different from dissimilis, enormis); and so also in amens=a mente remotus, alienus ( out of one's senses, without self-control, insane): absurdus, missounding, then incongruous, irrational: abutor (in one of its senses), to misuse: aborior, abortus, to miscarry: abludo; for the privative force the Latin regularly employs in-, v. 2. in.—

It more rarely designates completeness, as in absorbere, abutor ( to use up). (The designation of the fourth generation in the ascending or descending line by ab belongs here only in appearance; as abavus for quartus pater, great-great-grandfather, although the Greeks introduced upopappos; for the immutability of the syllable ab in abpatrnus and abmatertera, as well as the signif. Of the word abavus, grandfather's grandfather, imitated in abnepos, grandchild's grandchild, seems to point to a derivation from avi avus, as Festus, p. 13 Mull., explains atavus, by atta avi, or, rather, attae avus.)

prīmus, a, um, adj. sup. [obsol. prep. pri (prei); whence also prior, priscus; cf.: privus, privo, etc., and v. pro], the first, first (properly only when three or more are referred to. The first, as opp. to the second, is prior;

but primus is rarely used for prior,

Cic. Sest. 19, 44 al.).

In gen.:

qui primus vulnus dicitur obligavisse,

Cic. N. D. 3, 22, 57:

primus sentio mala nostra: primus rescisco omnia: Primus porro obnuntio,

Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 7:

verum primum: verum igitur et extremum,

Cic. Off. 3, 6, 27:

primae litterae,

id. Att. 9, 6, 5:

primus inter homines nobilissimos,

id. Sest. 3, 6:

primi ex omnibus philosophis,

id. Fin. 4, 7, 17:

primus Graeciae in Thraciam introiit,

Nep. Alcib. 7, 4:

primus de mille fuisses,

Ov. H. 17, 105:

in primis,

among the first, in the foremost ranks, Nep. Paus. 5, 3:

in primis stetit,

id. Epam. 10, 3:

in primis pugnantes,

Sall. C. 60, 6: leonem primus, aut in primis ferire, id. J. 6, 1: utque pedum primis infans vestigia plantis institerat (= ut primum, etc., poet.), Verg. A. 11, 573:

primus post eos quos poëtae tradiderunt movisse aliqua circa rhetoricen Empedocles dicitur (= secundus or proximus ab iis),

Quint. 3, 1, 8.—

In partic.

In time or place, first, fore, foremost, the first part; sometimes to be translated, the end, extremity, etc.:

in primā provinciā,

at the entrance of the province, Cic. Fam. 3, 6, 2:

digitus,

the tip of the finger, Cat. 2, 3:

dentes,

the front teeth, Plin. 19, 2, 11, § 35:

ranis prima lingua cohaeret,

the end of the tongue, id. 11, 37, 65, § 172:

primā statim nocte,

at the beginning of the night, Col. 10, 190:

sol,

i. e. the rising sun, Verg. A. 6, 255:

luna,

i. e. the new moon, Plin. 2, 13, 10, § 56.—With quisque, the first possible, the very first:

primo quoque tempore,

at the very first opportunity, Cic. Fam. 13, 57, 1:

primo quoque die,

id. Phil. 8, 11, 33:

me tibi primum quidque concedente,

id. Ac. 2, 16, 49:

fluit voluptas et prima quaeque avolat,

id. Fin. 2, 32, 106.— Subst.: prīma, ōrum, n., the first part, the beginning:

quod bellum, si prima satis prospera fuissent,

Liv. 8, 3.—Of the first principles or elements of things, Lucr. 4, 186:

prima consiliorum (for prima consilia),

Tac. H. 2, 11: a primo, from the beginning, at first:

multum improbiores sunt quam a primo credidi,

Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 139; Ter. Phorm. 4, 2, 14; 4, 3, 37:

in illā pro Ctesiphonte oratione submissius a primo: deinde pressius,

Cic. Or. 8, 26:

suam vim retinere a primo ad extremum,

id. Fin. 4, 13, 32:

hoc a primo cogitavit,

id. Att. 8, 11, 2; id. Phil. 2, 30, 75 Halm ad loc.:

id a primo rectissime dicitur,

id. Fin. 3, 9, 32 Madv. ad loc.: in primo, in front, before, in the beginning, first:

equites in primo late ire jubet,

in the van, Sall. J. 68, 4:

qui numerus in primo viget, jacet in extremo,

Cic. Or. 64, 215. —

First in rank or station, chief, principal, most excellent, eminent, distinguished, noble (cf.:

princeps, primores): evocat ad se Massiliensium quindecim primos,

Caes. B. C. 1, 35:

sui municipii facile primus,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 6, 15:

homo,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 17, § 37:

primis urbis placuisse,

Hor. Ep. 1, 20, 23:

juvenum primi,

Verg. A. 9, 785:

est genus hominum, qui esse primos se omnium rerum volunt Nec sunt,

Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 17:

quia sum apud te primus,

I am the first in your favor, id. ib. 1, 2, 10:

primus humani generis,

Sil. 17, 255:

urbem Italiae primam,

Petr. 116:

praedium,

Cato, R. R. 1:

suavia prima habere,

to give the first place to, think the most of, Ter. Heaut. 5, 2, 9:

otium atque divitiae, quae prima mortales putant,

Sall. C. 36, 4:

cura,

a chief part, Plin. 5, 25, 21, § 88.—Also, most conspicuous, chief, in a bad sense:

peccatores, quorum primus ego sum,

Vulg. 1 Tim. 1, 15:

primas partes, or primas agere,

to play the first part, to occupy the first rank, Ter. Phorm. prol. 27:

primas in causis agebat Hortensius,

Cic. Brut. 90, 308; 47: primas dare, to give the first place, ascribe the greatest importance to a thing:

actioni primas dedisse Demosthenes dicitur, cum rogaretur, quid in dicendo esset primum: huic secundas, huic tertias,

Cic. de Or. 3, 56, 213: primas deferre, to transfer the first or principal part:

amoris erga me tibi primas defero,

i. e. I assign to you the first rank among those who love me, id. Att. 1, 17, 5: primas concedere, to yield the first place:

si Allienus tibi primas in dicendo partes concesserit,

id. Div. in Caecil. 15, 49:

primas tenere,

to play the first part, be the best, id. Brut. 95, 327: cum primis, and in primis (also written in one word, impri-mis), with or among the first, chiefly, especially, principally, particularly:

homo domi suae cum primis locuples,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 28, § 69:

in primis lautus eques,

Nep. Att. 13, 1:

oppidum in primis Siciliae clarum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 35, § 86:

homo in primis improbissimus,

id. ib. 2, 3, 27, §

68: vir magnus in primis,

id. N. D. 1, 43, 120:

in primis hoc a se animadversum esse dicebat,

id. de Or. 3, 5, 17:

in primis nobis sermo de te fuit,

id. Att. 5, 1, 3:

in primis... dein,

first, in the first place, Sall. J. 26, 3. —Hence, adv., primo and primum; also, ante- and post-class. and very rare, prime and primiter (the form primo is usually limited to that which is strictly first in time; primum in enumerations of contemporary facts, things, or arguments, where the order is at the speaker's choice; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 920 sq.).

prīmō, at first, at the beginning, first, firstly.

In gen.:

aedes primo ruere rebamur,

Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 42:

neque credebam primo mihimet Sosiae,

id. ib. 2, 1, 50; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 9, § 26:

primo non accredidit,

Nep. Dat. 3, 4:

Themistocles solus primo profectus est,

id. Them. 6, 5:

contemptus est primo a tyrannis,

id. Thras. 2, 2; id. Ham. 2, 2.—

With dein, deinde, inde, post, postea, mox, denique, nunc:

primo Stoicorum more agamus, deinde nostro instituto vagabimur,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 6, 13:

primo pecuniae, dein imperii cupido crevit,

Sall. C. 10, 3:

primo... deinde... tum... tum,

Cic. Fin. 1, 16, 50:

primo... deinde,

Liv. 1, 27; Curt. 3, 12, 6; 4, 16, 21; 9, 10, 11:

primo abstinentiā utendum: deinde danda, etc.,

Cels. 5, 26, 34:

primo... inde,... hinc,

Liv. 30, 11, 6:

haec primo paulatim crescere: post, etc.,

Sall. C. 10, 6:

dissuadente primo Vercingetorige, post concedente,

Caes. B. G. 7, 15:

primo... postea... postremo, etc.,

Liv. 26, 39:

primo... mox,

id. 1, 50:

primo... mox deinde,

Just. 1, 3:

primo negitare, denique saepius fatigatus, etc.,

Sall. J. 111, 2:

neque illi credebam primo, nunc vero palam est,

Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 91.—

(Mostly post-Aug. for primum.) With iterum, rursus, secundo:

primo... iterum,

Liv. 2, 51:

primo... rursus,

Suet. Aug. 17:

primo... secundo,

Phaedr. 4, 10, 16.—

prīmum, at first, first, in the first place, in the beginning (class.).

In enumerations, with a foll. deinde, tum:

Caesar primum suo, deinde omnium e conspectu remotis equis,

Caes. B. G. 1, 25:

primum... deinde... deinde,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 58, § 143:

primum... deinde... tum... postremo,

id. N. D. 2, 1, 3:

primum... deinde... praeterea... postremo,

id. Div. 2, 56, 116:

primum... tum... deinde... post... tum... deinde....,

id. Fin. 5, 23, 65; id. Font. 14, 31; cf.:

primum... secundo loco... deinde... tum,

id. Leg. 1, 13, 35; id. Inv. 2, 27, 79; Curt. 3, 6, 16; 8, 10, 9; Liv. 1, 28; Nep. Them. 2, 3; id. Epam. 1, 3:

primum... subinde,

Hor. Ep. 1, 8, 15:

primum... mox,

id. ib. 2, 2, 93.—

Without other adverbs.

In gen.:

quaerenda pecunia primum est,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 53:

te Quicumque primum Produxit,

id. C. 2, 13, 2; id. S. 2, 3, 41.—

Strengthened with omnium, first of all, Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 13:

primum omnium ego ipse vigilo,

Cic. Cat. 2, 9, 19.—

With ut, ubi, simulac, cum.

Ut primum, ubi primum, simul ac primum, cum primum, as soon as ever, as soon as:

ut primum potestas data est augendae dignitatis tuae, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 10, 13, 1:

ubi primum potuit, istum reliquit,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 20, § 48:

simul ac primum niti possunt, etc.,

id. N. D. 2, 48, 124:

tum affuerat, cum primum dati sunt judices,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 23, § 57.—

Nunc primum, now first, now for the first time (cf.: nunc demum, now at last):

post illa nunc primum audio, Quid illo sit factum,

Ter. And. 5, 4, 33.—

With dum (also by Plaut. joined in one word, pri-mumdum), in the first place, first (anteclass.):

primum dum, si falso insimulas, etc. Iterum si id verum est, etc.,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 26:

omnium primumdum haed aedes jam face occlusae sicut,

id. Most. 2, 1, 53; 1, 2, 39; id. Capt. 1, 2, 57:

primum dum omnium male dictitatur tibi vulgo in sermonibus,

id. Trin. 1, 2, 61.—

With adv. or other expression of time, for the first time:

hodie primum ire in ganeum,

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 37:

quo die primum convocati su mus,

Cic. Phil. 5, 11, 30.—

prīmē, es pecially: fabula prime proba, Naev. ap. Charis. p. 188 P.; cf. Prisc. p. 603 P.—

prīmĭter, at first, first of all (ante- and post-class.): eripis primiter dapes, Pompon. ap. Non. 154, 26; Inscr. (of the beginning of the third century of Christ) Lab. Epigr. Lat. Scop. in Egitto.

prīmus, a, um, adj. sup. [obsol. prep. pri (prei); whence also prior, priscus; cf.: privus, privo, etc., and v. pro], the first, first (properly only when three or more are referred to. The first, as opp. to the second, is prior;

but primus is rarely used for prior,

Cic. Sest. 19, 44 al.).

In gen.:

qui primus vulnus dicitur obligavisse,

Cic. N. D. 3, 22, 57:

primus sentio mala nostra: primus rescisco omnia: Primus porro obnuntio,

Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 7:

verum primum: verum igitur et extremum,

Cic. Off. 3, 6, 27:

primae litterae,

id. Att. 9, 6, 5:

primus inter homines nobilissimos,

id. Sest. 3, 6:

primi ex omnibus philosophis,

id. Fin. 4, 7, 17:

primus Graeciae in Thraciam introiit,

Nep. Alcib. 7, 4:

primus de mille fuisses,

Ov. H. 17, 105:

in primis,

among the first, in the foremost ranks, Nep. Paus. 5, 3:

in primis stetit,

id. Epam. 10, 3:

in primis pugnantes,

Sall. C. 60, 6: leonem primus, aut in primis ferire, id. J. 6, 1: utque pedum primis infans vestigia plantis institerat (= ut primum, etc., poet.), Verg. A. 11, 573:

primus post eos quos poëtae tradiderunt movisse aliqua circa rhetoricen Empedocles dicitur (= secundus or proximus ab iis),

Quint. 3, 1, 8.—

In partic.

In time or place, first, fore, foremost, the first part; sometimes to be translated, the end, extremity, etc.:

in primā provinciā,

at the entrance of the province, Cic. Fam. 3, 6, 2:

digitus,

the tip of the finger, Cat. 2, 3:

dentes,

the front teeth, Plin. 19, 2, 11, § 35:

ranis prima lingua cohaeret,

the end of the tongue, id. 11, 37, 65, § 172:

primā statim nocte,

at the beginning of the night, Col. 10, 190:

sol,

i. e. the rising sun, Verg. A. 6, 255:

luna,

i. e. the new moon, Plin. 2, 13, 10, § 56.—With quisque, the first possible, the very first:

primo quoque tempore,

at the very first opportunity, Cic. Fam. 13, 57, 1:

primo quoque die,

id. Phil. 8, 11, 33:

me tibi primum quidque concedente,

id. Ac. 2, 16, 49:

fluit voluptas et prima quaeque avolat,

id. Fin. 2, 32, 106.— Subst.: prīma, ōrum, n., the first part, the beginning:

quod bellum, si prima satis prospera fuissent,

Liv. 8, 3.—Of the first principles or elements of things, Lucr. 4, 186:

prima consiliorum (for prima consilia),

Tac. H. 2, 11: a primo, from the beginning, at first:

multum improbiores sunt quam a primo credidi,

Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 139; Ter. Phorm. 4, 2, 14; 4, 3, 37:

in illā pro Ctesiphonte oratione submissius a primo: deinde pressius,

Cic. Or. 8, 26:

suam vim retinere a primo ad extremum,

id. Fin. 4, 13, 32:

hoc a primo cogitavit,

id. Att. 8, 11, 2; id. Phil. 2, 30, 75 Halm ad loc.:

id a primo rectissime dicitur,

id. Fin. 3, 9, 32 Madv. ad loc.: in primo, in front, before, in the beginning, first:

equites in primo late ire jubet,

in the van, Sall. J. 68, 4:

qui numerus in primo viget, jacet in extremo,

Cic. Or. 64, 215. —

First in rank or station, chief, principal, most excellent, eminent, distinguished, noble (cf.:

princeps, primores): evocat ad se Massiliensium quindecim primos,

Caes. B. C. 1, 35:

sui municipii facile primus,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 6, 15:

homo,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 17, § 37:

primis urbis placuisse,

Hor. Ep. 1, 20, 23:

juvenum primi,

Verg. A. 9, 785:

est genus hominum, qui esse primos se omnium rerum volunt Nec sunt,

Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 17:

quia sum apud te primus,

I am the first in your favor, id. ib. 1, 2, 10:

primus humani generis,

Sil. 17, 255:

urbem Italiae primam,

Petr. 116:

praedium,

Cato, R. R. 1:

suavia prima habere,

to give the first place to, think the most of, Ter. Heaut. 5, 2, 9:

otium atque divitiae, quae prima mortales putant,

Sall. C. 36, 4:

cura,

a chief part, Plin. 5, 25, 21, § 88.—Also, most conspicuous, chief, in a bad sense:

peccatores, quorum primus ego sum,

Vulg. 1 Tim. 1, 15:

primas partes, or primas agere,

to play the first part, to occupy the first rank, Ter. Phorm. prol. 27:

primas in causis agebat Hortensius,

Cic. Brut. 90, 308; 47: primas dare, to give the first place, ascribe the greatest importance to a thing:

actioni primas dedisse Demosthenes dicitur, cum rogaretur, quid in dicendo esset primum: huic secundas, huic tertias,

Cic. de Or. 3, 56, 213: primas deferre, to transfer the first or principal part:

amoris erga me tibi primas defero,

i. e. I assign to you the first rank among those who love me, id. Att. 1, 17, 5: primas concedere, to yield the first place:

si Allienus tibi primas in dicendo partes concesserit,

id. Div. in Caecil. 15, 49:

primas tenere,

to play the first part, be the best, id. Brut. 95, 327: cum primis, and in primis (also written in one word, impri-mis), with or among the first, chiefly, especially, principally, particularly:

homo domi suae cum primis locuples,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 28, § 69:

in primis lautus eques,

Nep. Att. 13, 1:

oppidum in primis Siciliae clarum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 35, § 86:

homo in primis improbissimus,

id. ib. 2, 3, 27, §

68: vir magnus in primis,

id. N. D. 1, 43, 120:

in primis hoc a se animadversum esse dicebat,

id. de Or. 3, 5, 17:

in primis nobis sermo de te fuit,

id. Att. 5, 1, 3:

in primis... dein,

first, in the first place, Sall. J. 26, 3. —Hence, adv., primo and primum; also, ante- and post-class. and very rare, prime and primiter (the form primo is usually limited to that which is strictly first in time; primum in enumerations of contemporary facts, things, or arguments, where the order is at the speaker's choice; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 920 sq.).

prīmō, at first, at the beginning, first, firstly.

In gen.:

aedes primo ruere rebamur,

Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 42:

neque credebam primo mihimet Sosiae,

id. ib. 2, 1, 50; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 9, § 26:

primo non accredidit,

Nep. Dat. 3, 4:

Themistocles solus primo profectus est,

id. Them. 6, 5:

contemptus est primo a tyrannis,

id. Thras. 2, 2; id. Ham. 2, 2.—

With dein, deinde, inde, post, postea, mox, denique, nunc:

primo Stoicorum more agamus, deinde nostro instituto vagabimur,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 6, 13:

primo pecuniae, dein imperii cupido crevit,

Sall. C. 10, 3:

primo... deinde... tum... tum,

Cic. Fin. 1, 16, 50:

primo... deinde,

Liv. 1, 27; Curt. 3, 12, 6; 4, 16, 21; 9, 10, 11:

primo abstinentiā utendum: deinde danda, etc.,

Cels. 5, 26, 34:

primo... inde,... hinc,

Liv. 30, 11, 6:

haec primo paulatim crescere: post, etc.,

Sall. C. 10, 6:

dissuadente primo Vercingetorige, post concedente,

Caes. B. G. 7, 15:

primo... postea... postremo, etc.,

Liv. 26, 39:

primo... mox,

id. 1, 50:

primo... mox deinde,

Just. 1, 3:

primo negitare, denique saepius fatigatus, etc.,

Sall. J. 111, 2:

neque illi credebam primo, nunc vero palam est,

Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 91.—

(Mostly post-Aug. for primum.) With iterum, rursus, secundo:

primo... iterum,

Liv. 2, 51:

primo... rursus,

Suet. Aug. 17:

primo... secundo,

Phaedr. 4, 10, 16.—

prīmum, at first, first, in the first place, in the beginning (class.).

In enumerations, with a foll. deinde, tum:

Caesar primum suo, deinde omnium e conspectu remotis equis,

Caes. B. G. 1, 25:

primum... deinde... deinde,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 58, § 143:

primum... deinde... tum... postremo,

id. N. D. 2, 1, 3:

primum... deinde... praeterea... postremo,

id. Div. 2, 56, 116:

primum... tum... deinde... post... tum... deinde....,

id. Fin. 5, 23, 65; id. Font. 14, 31; cf.:

primum... secundo loco... deinde... tum,

id. Leg. 1, 13, 35; id. Inv. 2, 27, 79; Curt. 3, 6, 16; 8, 10, 9; Liv. 1, 28; Nep. Them. 2, 3; id. Epam. 1, 3:

primum... subinde,

Hor. Ep. 1, 8, 15:

primum... mox,

id. ib. 2, 2, 93.—

Without other adverbs.

In gen.:

quaerenda pecunia primum est,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 53:

te Quicumque primum Produxit,

id. C. 2, 13, 2; id. S. 2, 3, 41.—

Strengthened with omnium, first of all, Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 13:

primum omnium ego ipse vigilo,

Cic. Cat. 2, 9, 19.—

With ut, ubi, simulac, cum.

Ut primum, ubi primum, simul ac primum, cum primum, as soon as ever, as soon as:

ut primum potestas data est augendae dignitatis tuae, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 10, 13, 1:

ubi primum potuit, istum reliquit,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 20, § 48:

simul ac primum niti possunt, etc.,

id. N. D. 2, 48, 124:

tum affuerat, cum primum dati sunt judices,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 23, § 57.—

Nunc primum, now first, now for the first time (cf.: nunc demum, now at last):

post illa nunc primum audio, Quid illo sit factum,

Ter. And. 5, 4, 33.—

With dum (also by Plaut. joined in one word, pri-mumdum), in the first place, first (anteclass.):

primum dum, si falso insimulas, etc. Iterum si id verum est, etc.,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 26:

omnium primumdum haed aedes jam face occlusae sicut,

id. Most. 2, 1, 53; 1, 2, 39; id. Capt. 1, 2, 57:

primum dum omnium male dictitatur tibi vulgo in sermonibus,

id. Trin. 1, 2, 61.—

With adv. or other expression of time, for the first time:

hodie primum ire in ganeum,

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 37:

quo die primum convocati su mus,

Cic. Phil. 5, 11, 30.—

prīmē, es pecially: fabula prime proba, Naev. ap. Charis. p. 188 P.; cf. Prisc. p. 603 P.—

prīmĭter, at first, first of all (ante- and post-class.): eripis primiter dapes, Pompon. ap. Non. 154, 26; Inscr. (of the beginning of the third century of Christ) Lab. Epigr. Lat. Scop. in Egitto.

prīmus, a, um, adj. sup. [obsol. prep. pri (prei); whence also prior, priscus; cf.: privus, privo, etc., and v. pro], the first, first (properly only when three or more are referred to. The first, as opp. to the second, is prior;

but primus is rarely used for prior,

Cic. Sest. 19, 44 al.).

In gen.:

qui primus vulnus dicitur obligavisse,

Cic. N. D. 3, 22, 57:

primus sentio mala nostra: primus rescisco omnia: Primus porro obnuntio,

Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 7:

verum primum: verum igitur et extremum,

Cic. Off. 3, 6, 27:

primae litterae,

id. Att. 9, 6, 5:

primus inter homines nobilissimos,

id. Sest. 3, 6:

primi ex omnibus philosophis,

id. Fin. 4, 7, 17:

primus Graeciae in Thraciam introiit,

Nep. Alcib. 7, 4:

primus de mille fuisses,

Ov. H. 17, 105:

in primis,

among the first, in the foremost ranks, Nep. Paus. 5, 3:

in primis stetit,

id. Epam. 10, 3:

in primis pugnantes,

Sall. C. 60, 6: leonem primus, aut in primis ferire, id. J. 6, 1: utque pedum primis infans vestigia plantis institerat (= ut primum, etc., poet.), Verg. A. 11, 573:

primus post eos quos poëtae tradiderunt movisse aliqua circa rhetoricen Empedocles dicitur (= secundus or proximus ab iis),

Quint. 3, 1, 8.—

In partic.

In time or place, first, fore, foremost, the first part; sometimes to be translated, the end, extremity, etc.:

in primā provinciā,

at the entrance of the province, Cic. Fam. 3, 6, 2:

digitus,

the tip of the finger, Cat. 2, 3:

dentes,

the front teeth, Plin. 19, 2, 11, § 35:

ranis prima lingua cohaeret,

the end of the tongue, id. 11, 37, 65, § 172:

primā statim nocte,

at the beginning of the night, Col. 10, 190:

sol,

i. e. the rising sun, Verg. A. 6, 255:

luna,

i. e. the new moon, Plin. 2, 13, 10, § 56.—With quisque, the first possible, the very first:

primo quoque tempore,

at the very first opportunity, Cic. Fam. 13, 57, 1:

primo quoque die,

id. Phil. 8, 11, 33:

me tibi primum quidque concedente,

id. Ac. 2, 16, 49:

fluit voluptas et prima quaeque avolat,

id. Fin. 2, 32, 106.— Subst.: prīma, ōrum, n., the first part, the beginning:

quod bellum, si prima satis prospera fuissent,

Liv. 8, 3.—Of the first principles or elements of things, Lucr. 4, 186:

prima consiliorum (for prima consilia),

Tac. H. 2, 11: a primo, from the beginning, at first:

multum improbiores sunt quam a primo credidi,

Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 139; Ter. Phorm. 4, 2, 14; 4, 3, 37:

in illā pro Ctesiphonte oratione submissius a primo: deinde pressius,

Cic. Or. 8, 26:

suam vim retinere a primo ad extremum,

id. Fin. 4, 13, 32:

hoc a primo cogitavit,

id. Att. 8, 11, 2; id. Phil. 2, 30, 75 Halm ad loc.:

id a primo rectissime dicitur,

id. Fin. 3, 9, 32 Madv. ad loc.: in primo, in front, before, in the beginning, first:

equites in primo late ire jubet,

in the van, Sall. J. 68, 4:

qui numerus in primo viget, jacet in extremo,

Cic. Or. 64, 215. —